On the perceptual origin of loanword adaptations: experimental evidence from Japanese

Phonology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Peperkamp ◽  
Inga Vendelin ◽  
Kimihiro Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
English Word ◽  
French Word ◽  
Nasal Consonant ◽  
Epenthetic Vowel ◽  
The Way

Japanese shows an asymmetry in the treatment of word-final [n] in loanwords from English and French: while it is adapted as a moraic nasal consonant in loanwords from English, it is adapted with a following epenthetic vowel in loanwords from French. We provide experimental evidence that this asymmetry is due to phonetic differences in the realisation of word-final [n] in English and French, and, consequently, to the way in which English and French word-final [n] are perceived by native speakers of Japanese. Specifically, French but not English word-final [n] has a strong vocalic release that Japanese listeners perceive as their native vowel [ɯ]. We propose a psycholinguistic model in which most loanword adaptations originate in perceptual assimilation, a process which takes place during perception and which maps non-native sounds and sound structures onto the phonetically closest native ones. We compare our model to alternatives couched within phonological theory.

That Word ‘Caput’

1939 ◽  
Vol 9 (25) ◽  
pp. 26-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Gosling
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
English Word ◽  
Latin Word ◽  
French Word ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

A brief survey of the indebtedness of the modern languages of Europe, and in particular our own, to the Latin word caput may be not without interest.The French did not adopt the classical meaning of caput, but, by way of the slang of the Roman soldiers in all probability, preferred the Latin testa = a tile, French tête. But caput did enter Gaul as the early French chief and modern chef (e.g. chef d'orchestre, chef de cuisine, whence, by the way, the English ‘chef’). English borrowed this word from French under the guise of chief, and from the early French word chevetaine formed the English chieftain. But in one word the French did adopt the classical meaning of caput, and that was in the word couvre-chef (modelled presumably upon the Vulgar Latin capitegium), meaning a covering for the head. This was adopted in Middle English as curchef (kerchief) and signified originally a cloth to cover a woman's head. It was an easy step from this to the modern ‘handkerchief’. Further, Vulgar Latin had a phrase ad caput venire, ‘to come to an end’, ‘to accomplish’. This was taken over into early French as a chief venir: later the verb venir was lost and the phrase a chief was made into the verb achever. Our English word achieve was the inevitable offspring.

scholarly journals Oversized Area Indications on Bonus Packs Fail to Affect Consumers’ Transactional Decisions—More Experimental Evidence on the Mars Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Purnhagen ◽  
E. van Herpen ◽  
S. Kamps ◽  
F. Michetti
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Behavioural Research ◽  
Actual Choice ◽  
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ◽  
Legal Sense ◽  
The Way

AbstractFindings from behavioural research are gaining increased interest in EU legislation, specifically in the area of unfair commercial practices. Prior research on the Mars case (Purnhagen and van Herpen 2017) has left open whether empirical evidence can provide an indication that this practice of using oversized indications of additional volume alters the transactional decision of consumers. This, however, is required to determine the “misleadingness” of such a practice in the legal sense as stipulated by the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC. The current paper closes this gap by illustrating how behavioural research can inform legal interpretation. In particular, it extends the previous research in two important ways: first, by examining the actual choice that people make; and second, by investigating whether the effects remain present in a context where a comparison product is available. Yet, while supporting and extending the findings of the study from Purnhagen and van Herpen (2017) on deceptiveness, the current study could not produce empirical evidence of a clear influence on the transactional decision of consumers, in the way “UCPD” requires.

How “Native” Are Heritage Speakers?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Montrul
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

One of the chief characteristics of heritage speakers is that they range in proficiency from “overhearers” to “native” speakers. To date, the vast majority of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies have characterized the non-target-like linguistic abilities of heritage speakers as a product of incomplete acquisition and/or attrition due to reduced exposure and opportunities to use the language during childhood. This article focuses on the other side of the problem, emphasizing instead the high incidence of native-like abilities in adult heritage speakers. I illustrate this issue with recent experimental evidence from gender agreement in Spanish, a grammatical feature that is mastered at almost 100% accuracy in production by native speakers;yet it is one of the most difficult areas to master for non-native speakers, including near-natives.I discuss how age of acquisition and language-learning experience explain these effects.

THE INTERACTION OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES AS AN OBJECT OF POLYPARADIGMATIC RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (103) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
TATYANA E. VLADIMIROVA
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Unity Of Language ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

The focus of this article is on the integral unity of language and culture, which predetermined the evolution of the person speaking . An appeal to the ancient holistic methodology revealed the trinity of psychological intention and speech itself in the correlation with cultural values. Consequently, teaching a foreign language, focused on active communication with native speakers, is also an object of polyparadigmatic research, which should precede the development of new teaching technologies. The undertaken consideration made it possible to single out a synergetic approach as combining the teaching of a foreign language, culture and the way of beingness formed on their basis with a personal need for self-development and self-realization.

A defense of the Voice of Competence

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Georges Rey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Substantial Experimental Evidence

Michael Devitt has argued against the view that the intuitive verdicts on which linguists routinely rely result from a special “Voice of Competence” (VoC) whereby the spontaneous intuitions of native speakers provide special evidence of their internal representation of the phonology and syntax of their I-language. This chapter defends VoC by analogizing it to the spontaneous reactions of subjects in vision experiments that provide special evidence of the representations in their visual systems, an analogy for which there is substantial experimental evidence but that requires a number of distinctions that Devitt overlooks, e.g. between a grammar and a parser and between conceptual and non-conceptual content. Moreover, it is argued that his alternative model of speakers’ reactions in terms of sentences merely “having” rather than representing properties fails to explain how those properties might be integrated into a speaker’s psychology so that that speaker ineluctably “hears” her language as language, with all the constraints that language imposes.

The syntax of variable behavior verbs: Experimental evidence from the accusative–oblique alternations in Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-314
Author(s):  
SHIN FUKUDA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Selectional Restrictions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Core Meaning ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Japanese has two types of two-place motion verbs whose ‘objects’ can be marked as either accusative or oblique (accusative–oblique alternations). The accusative–goal verbs mark their objects with accusative case -o or the goal marker -ni, and the accusative–source verbs mark their objects with accusative -o or the source marker -kara. Previous studies describe systematic differences in the interpretation of the arguments of these verbs and the events they denote between the two structures. This study argues that these alternating verbs are variable behavior verbs that are linked to two distinct syntactic structures. The core evidence for this claim comes from the results of two acceptability judgment experiments with Japanese native speakers that examined: (i) selectional restrictions on the subjects of the alternating verbs and (ii) the ability of their subjects to license ‘floating’ numeral quantifiers. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the accusative–source verbs alternate between the transitive and unaccusative structures, whereas the accusative–goal verbs consistently behave like transitive verbs but assign two different structural cases to their objects. Thus, the study shows that there are multiple ways in which two-place motion verbs are mapped onto distinctive syntactic structures, whereby the core meaning of the verbs and their syntactic structures together determine their interpretation.

Voicing and devoicing in similar German and English word pairs by native speakers of German

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 3032
Author(s):  
Bruce L. Smith ◽  
Michael Bruss ◽  
Rachel Hayes-Harb ◽  
Amy Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
English Word

The dissociation of dolomite. II

1926 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil S. Garnett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Related Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

In this paper further evidence is put forward in support of a previous paper on the subject. Very soon after the reading of that paper, A. E. Mitchell read a paper before the Chemical Society on a closely related subject. Working quite independently, and employing other methods of investigation, Mitchell arrived at conclusions in close agreement with those detailed in the former paper. H.L.J. Bäckström has criticized Mitchell's paper, raising some objections 'against the experimental evidence produced aud the … way of interpreting it'. Where Bäckström objections touch on anything in Mitchell's paper which is incidentally akin to any of the work described in this or the earlier paper, they will be discussed herein.

Paralingustic Means in German as a Guide to Cross-cultural Communication

10.12737/5742 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Дубинский ◽  
Vladimir Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
German Language ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Speech Interaction ◽  
The Way

In this issue we are starting to publish the research paper presented by V.I. Dubinskiy. The author aims at demonstrating non-verbal means of communi- cation in the German language as well as showing the way they are used in everyday life and the specifics of teaching them further cross-cultural communication with Germans. Knowing non-verbal means of communication typical of native speakers means broadening the general knowledge of the student of the language and developing an active communicative approach to speech interaction.

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