scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Smoking and Chronic Excess Alcohol Consumption on Reduced Caloric Intake and the Development of Sarcopenia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Prokopidis ◽  
Oliver C. Witard
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Excess Alcohol Consumption

Abstract This narrative review provides mechanistic insight into the biological link between smoking and/or chronic excess alcohol consumption, and increased risk of developing sarcopenia. Although the combination of excessive alcohol consumption and smoking is often associated with ectopic adipose deposition, this review is focused on the context of a reduced caloric intake (leading to energy deficit) that also may ensue due to either lifestyle habit. Smoking is a primary cause of periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that both induce swallowing difficulties, inhibit taste and mastication, and are associated with increased risk of muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Smoking may contribute to physical inactivity, energy deficit via reduced caloric intake, and increased systemic inflammation, all of which are factors known to suppress muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. Moreover, chronic excess alcohol consumption may result in gut microbiota dysbiosis and autophagy-induced hyperammonemia, initiating the upregulation of muscle protein breakdown and downregulation of MPS via activation of myostatin, AMPK, and REDD1, and deactivation of IGF-1. Future research is warranted to explore the link between oral healthcare management and personalized nutrition counseling in light of potential detrimental consequences of chronic smoking on musculoskeletal health outcomes in older adults. Experimental studies should investigate the impact of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on the gut-brain axis, and explore biomarkers of smoking-induced oral disease progression. The implementation of behavioural change interventions and health policies regarding smoking and alcohol intake habits may mitigate the clinical and financial burden of sarcopenia on the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Early Morning Food Intake as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Dysregulation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Stothard ◽  
Hannah K. Ritchie ◽  
Brian R. Birks ◽  
Robert H. Eckel ◽  
Janine Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Increased risk of obesity and diabetes in shift workers may be related to food intake at adverse circadian times. Early morning shiftwork represents the largest proportion of shift workers in the United States, yet little is known about the impact of food intake in the early morning on metabolism. Eighteen participants (9 female) completed a counterbalanced 16 day design with two conditions separated by ~1 week: 8 h sleep opportunity at habitual time and simulated early morning shiftwork with 6.5 h sleep opportunity starting ~1 h earlier than habitual time. After wake time, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured and blood was sampled for melatonin and fasting glucose and insulin. Following breakfast, post-prandial blood samples were collected every 40 min for 2 h and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed for 3.25 h. Total sleep time was decreased by ~85 min (p < 0.0001), melatonin levels were higher (p < 0.0001) and post-prandial glucose levels were higher (p < 0.05) after one day of simulated early morning shiftwork compared with habitual wake time. REE was lower after simulated early morning shiftwork; however, TEF after breakfast was similar to habitual wake time. Insufficient sleep and caloric intake during a circadian phase of high melatonin levels may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in early morning shift workers.

Alcohol Consumption is Associated With An Increased Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Results From 2 Prospective US Cohort Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake Niccum ◽  
Kevin Casey ◽  
Kristin Burke ◽  
Emily W Lopes ◽  
Paul Lochhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Microscopic Colitis ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background No dietary factors have yet been shown to conclusively impact the incidence of microscopic colitis (MC). Here, we sought to examine the relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of MC. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 209,902 participants (age range, 28.5–66.7 years) enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII). Validated data on alcohol consumption were collected at baseline in 1986 in the NHS and 1991 in the NHSII and updated every 4 years. Diagnoses of MC were confirmed via review of histopathology data. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Through 2016 in the NHS and 2017 in the NHSII, we confirmed 352 incident cases of MC over 4,994,324 person-years. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of MC (Ptrend &lt; .001). Compared to non-users, the aHRs of MC were 1.20 (95% CI, 0.86–1.67) for consumers of 0.1–4.9 g/day of alcohol, 1.90 (95% CI, 1.34–2.71) for consumers of 5–14.9 g/day, and 2.31 (95% CI, 1.54–3.46) for consumers of ≥15 g/day. The associations were consistent across the histologic subtypes of collagenous and lymphocytic colitis (Pheterogeneity = .523). When stratified by alcohol type, the risk according to every 2 servings/week appeared to be strongest with consumption of wine (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04–1.12) as compared to beer (aHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91–1.12) or liquor (aHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.92–1.09). Conclusions Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of MC. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism underlying these associations, as well as the impact of reducing alcohol intake in patients with MC.

scholarly journals The association between mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy and their child’s educational attainment and risk of hospital admission by age 14

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Sinead Brophy ◽  
Simon Moore ◽  
Ashley Akbari ◽  
Shantini Paranjothy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Emergency Hospital ◽  
Emergency Hospital Admission ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Background Heavy alcohol consumption by mothers during pregnancy is associated with developmental problems in their children. However, the impact of light to moderate consumption on the long-term health and educational attainment up to adolescence has not been established. Main Aim To investigate the association between mother’s alcohol use during pregnancy and health and educational attainment of their children up to age 14 years. Methods Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) children in Wales (1,838), with parental consent, were record-linked to emergency hospital admission data between birth and 14 years (1,795) and National Curriculum Key Stage-Three (KS3) (1,645) records within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. Mother’s self-reported alcohol use during pregnancy was classified into a) abstain; b) light (1 - 2 units per week/occasion, 1 unit = 8g ethanol)); c) moderate (3 - 6 units per week/3-5 units per occasion) and d) heavy (> 6, dropped due to a paucity of data). Cox regression estimated the risk of emergency hospital admission and multivariate linear regression models estimated the difference in KS3 scores by exposure group. Results 71% of mothers abstained, 24% were light drinkers and 5% moderate. Light drinking was associated with children’s lower risk of emergency hospital admission (HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.75 - 0.97) and better KS3 scores (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 - 0.23) by age 14 years, when compared to abstaining mothers. Children of mothers who drank moderately had a comparable risk of emergency hospital admission (HR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.79 - 1.46) and a better KS3 score (β = 0.30, 95% CI 0.11 - 0.49), compared to abstaining mothers. Conclusion Consumption during pregnancy of 1-2 units of alcohol per week/occasion was neither associated with an increased risk of emergency hospital admission nor poor academic attainment in children up to 14 years of age.

scholarly journals The impact of frequency, pattern, intensity, and type of alcohol consumption, and its combined effect with smoking on inflammation, lipid profile, and the risk of myocardial infarction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritienne Attard ◽  
Philip Dingli ◽  
Carine J. M. Doggen ◽  
Karen Cassar ◽  
Rosienne Farrugia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Pattern Frequency ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aim To determine the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) associated with pattern, frequency, and intensity of alcohol consumption, type of alcoholic beverage, and the combined effect of alcohol and smoking on risk of MI, inflammation, and lipid profile. Method A total of 423 cases with a first MI and 465 controls from the Maltese Acute Myocardial Infarction (MAMI) Study were analysed. Data was collected through an extensive interviewer-led questionnaire, along with measurements of various blood parameters. Medians and the Mann–Whitney test were used to assess effect of different drinking patterns, frequency, intensity, and smoking and drinking combinations on hs-CRP and lipid profile. Odds ratios, adjusted for the conventional risk factors of MI (AdjORs), were calculated as an estimate of the relative risk of MI. Results Regular alcohol consumption protected against MI [AdjOR 0.6 (95% CI 0.4–0.9)] while daily binge drinking increased risk [AdjOR 5.0 (95% CI 1.6–15.0)] relative to regular drinkers who did not binge drink. Whereas moderate weekly consumption of wine protected against MI, high weekly consumption of beer conveyed a deleterious effect. Alcohol consumption decreased risk of MI independent of smoking status. Frequent alcohol consumption was associated with higher HDL-, non-HDL-, total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower hs-CRP. Total and HDL-cholesterol increased and BMI decreased with increasing quantity of weekly alcohol consumption relative to the non-regular drinkers. The effect of smoking on lipid profile and hs-CRP was less pronounced in current drinkers than in those who were non-regular drinkers. Conclusion The protective effect of alcohol consumption was dependent on the pattern, frequency, type, and intensity of alcohol consumed. Alcohol modified the effects of smoking on the lipid profile. Regular drinking attenuated the effect of smoking on hs-CRP and lipid profile.

scholarly journals Australian Experiences of Out-of-Pocket Costs and Financial Burden Following a Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2422
Author(s):  
Annie Bygrave ◽  
Kate Whittaker ◽  
Christine Paul ◽  
Elizabeth A. Fradgley ◽  
Megan Varlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

(1) Background: This systematic review was conducted to identify cancer patient experiences, and the impact of out-of-pocket costs and financial burden in Australia. (2) Methods: A systematic review, following the Preferring Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, was conducted. Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PubMed were searched. The primary outcome was financial burden among cancer patients and their families in Australia. The secondary outcome was out-of-pocket costs associated with cancer care and treatment within the population sample, and the impact of financial burden. (3) Results: Nineteen studies were included, covering more than 70,000 Australians affected by cancer. Out-of-pocket costs varied by cancer type and ranged from an average of AUD 977 for breast cancer and lymphoedema patients to AUD 11,077 for prostate cancer patients. Younger aged patients (≤65 years), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people in rural and/or remote areas, households with low income, those who were unemployed and people with private health insurance were at increased risk of experiencing out-of-pocket costs, financial burden or a combination of both. (4) Conclusions: Australians diagnosed with cancer frequently experience financial burden, and the health and financial consequences are significant. Focusing efforts on the costs of care and options about where to have care within the context of informed decisions about cancer care is necessary.

scholarly journals Are we back to normal yet? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health with a specific focus on schizotypal traits in the general population of Germany and the UK, comparing responses from April/May vs. September/October

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Daimer ◽  
Lorenz Mihatsch ◽  
Lisa Ronan ◽  
Graham K. Murray ◽  
Franziska Knolle
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStudies reported a strong impact on mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in March–June, 2020. In this study, we investigated the impact of the pandemic on mental health in general and on schizoptypal traits specifically in general population samples of the UK (N 1sttimepoint=239, N 2ndtimepoint= 126) and Germany (N 1sttimepoint= 543, N 2ndtimepoint=401) over two timepoints, April/May and September/October 2020. We were able to show that whereas general psychological symptoms (global symptom index, GSI) and percentage of responders above clinical cut-off for further psychological investigation declined from the first to the second timepoint in both countries, schizotypy scores (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire) were increased at the second timepoint. We investigated potential predictors, using regression models. For schizotypy, we detected a doubling or more of the estimated impact from the first to the second timepoint, including stronger perceived loneliness, increased use of drugs, stronger financial burden, and decreased regular exercise and sleep. These effects predicted GSI, however with a lower increase of impact from the first to the second timepoint. We furthermore found that living in the UK was a predictor for higher schizotypal scores or GSI. However, the results are highly comparable between the two countries. In conclusion, this study shows that while the general psychological impact decreases, potentially showing a normative response to an exceptional situation; schizotypy scores increase, revealing a stronger impact of loneliness, drug use, and financial burden. This development might create an increased risk for developing psychosis in some individuals. The development of the general psychological and schizotypy scores over time requires further attention and investigation.

scholarly journals SAT-663 The Impact of Anxiety on the Successful Management of a Type I Diabetic Patient

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhila Janakiram
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Pump ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Diabetes Patient ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Patients with both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are known to be at increased risk for hypoglycemic events, long-term hyperglycemia, weight gain and vascular disease. However, little research has been conducted regarding management of anxiety in patients with T1DM. Clinical case: A 27 year old female with T1DM (controlled on an insulin pump), GAD, PTSD, and history of benzodiazepine abuse presented to the emergency department after experiencing multiple panic attacks the day of admission. Recently, patient had multiple bouts of emesis in addition to decreased oral intake. On admission, blood sugar was 54, which increased to 164 after administration of 1 amp of dextrose-50. Patient was obtunded and unable to provide much history. Overnight, insulin was not given due to patient’s poor oral intake. The following morning, patient had one cup of juice for breakfast. Accu-check shortly after revealed a blood glucose level over 500 and patient developed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and was admitted to the ICU on our hospital DKA protocol. Once anion gap closed, patient was transferred out of the ICU for continued management of her diabetes. Patient went on to have multiple panic attacks for the duration of her hospitalization which were controlled with scheduled diazepam, valproic acid, lorazepam and quetiapine. Psychiatry was consulted and found that a major contributing factor to her developing recurrent DKA was her struggle with anxiety surrounding the responsibilities of managing her diabetes and its associated complications including gastroparesis and neuropathy. Further conversation revealed that her psychiatrist had passed away a few months prior to admission and that she had not established care with a new psychiatrist yet. Discussion: Given the life changing nature of T1DM, it is not uncommon for these patients to have difficulty coping with the daily challenges required to optimally treat their condition. It can be frustrating when the slightest shift in caloric intake or exogenous insulin leads to life-threatening situations such as DKA. The above case sheds light on the profound medical consequences and setbacks that poorly controlled anxiety can have on diabetic patients. Therefore, recognizing the impact of anxiety on our patients with diabetes is critical in preventing further complications, especially microvascular, macrovascular and potentially other life-threatening events.

scholarly journals Alcohol consumption, types of alcoholic beverages and risk of venous thromboembolism – The Tromsø Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (08) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida J. Hansen-Krone ◽  
Sigrid K. Brækkan ◽  
Kristin F. Enga ◽  
Tom Wilsgaard ◽  
John-Bjarne Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
Binge Drinkers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Risk

SummaryModerate alcohol consumption has been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases. The association between alcohol consumption, especially types of alcoholic beverages, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is less well described. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of alcohol consumption and different alcoholic beverages on risk of VTE. Information on alcohol consumption was collected by a selfadministrated questionnaire in 26,662 subjects, aged 25–97 years, who participated in the Tromsø Study, in 1994–1995. Subjects were followed through September 1, 2007 with incident VTE as the primary outcome. There were 460 incident VTE-events during a median of 12.5 years of follow-up. Total alcohol consumption was not associated with risk of incident VTE. However, subjects consuming ≥3 units of liquor per week had 53% increased risk of VTE compared to teetotalers in analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, cancer, previous cardiovascular disease, physical activity and higher education (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.00–2.33). Contrary, subjects with a wine intake of ≥3 units/week had 22% reduced risk of VTE (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.47–1.30), further adjustment for liquor and beer intake strengthened the protective effect of wine (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30–1.00). Frequent binge drinkers (≥1/week) had a 17% increased risk of VTE compared to teetotallers (HR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.66–2.09), and a 47% increased risk compared to non-binge drinkers (HR 1.47, 95% CI: 0.85–2.54). In conclusion, liquor consumption and binge drinking was associated with increased risk of VTE, whereas wine consumption was possibly associated with reduced risk of VTE.

Zinc Depletion Increases Readmission in Older Patients: An Example of Interactions Between Nutrition and Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salah Gariballa ◽  
Awad Alessa
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Abstract. Background: ill health may lead to poor nutrition and poor nutrition to ill health, so identifying priorities for management still remains a challenge. The aim of this report is to present data on the impact of plasma zinc (Zn) depletion on important health outcomes after adjusting for other poor prognostic indicators in hospitalised patients. Methods: Hospitalised acutely ill older patients who were part of a large randomised controlled trial had their nutritional status assessed using anthropometric, hematological and biochemical data. Plasma Zn concentrations were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and at 6 months using inductively- coupled plasma spectroscopy method. Other clinical outcome measures of health were also measured. Results: A total of 345 patients assessed at baseline, 133 at 6 weeks and 163 at 6 months. At baseline 254 (74%) patients had a plasma Zn concentration below 10.71 μmol/L indicating biochemical depletion. The figures at 6 weeks and 6 months were 86 (65%) and 114 (70%) patients respectively. After adjusting for age, co-morbidity, nutritional status and tissue inflammation measured using CRP, only muscle mass and serum albumin showed significant and independent effects on plasma Zn concentrations. The risk of non-elective readmission in the 6-months follow up period was significantly lower in patients with normal Zn concentrations compared with those diagnosed with Zn depletion (adjusted hazard ratio 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.99), p = 0.047. Conclusions: Zn depletion is common and associated with increased risk of readmission in acutely-ill older patients, however, the influence of underlying comorbidity on these results can not excluded.

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