scholarly journals Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Rudolph ◽  
Daniel N. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Family Adversity ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
History Of ◽  
Heighten Risk ◽  
Depressive Personality ◽  
Developmental Significance

AbstractResearch suggests that depressive personality (DP) disorder may represent a persistent, trait-based form of depression that lies along an affective spectrum ranging from personality traits to diagnosable clinical disorders. A significant gap in this area of research concerns the development of DP and its applicability to youth. The present research explored the construct of DP traits in youth. Specifically, this study examined the reliability, stability, and validity of the construct, potential origins of DP traits, and the developmental consequences of DP traits. A sample of 143 youth (mean age = 12.37 years, SD = 1.26) and their caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires on two occasions, separated by a 12-month interval. The measure of DP traits was reliable and moderately stable over time. Providing evidence of construct validity, DP traits were associated with a network of constructs, including a negative self-focus, high-negative and low-positive emotionality, and heightened stress reactivity. Moreover, several potential origins of DP traits were identified, including a history of family adversity, maternal DP traits, and maternal depression. Consistent with hypotheses regarding their developmental significance, DP traits predicted the generation of stress and the emergence of depression (but not nondepressive psychopathology) during the pubertal transition. Finally, depression predicted subsequent DP traits, suggesting a reciprocal process whereby DP traits heighten risk for depression, which then exacerbates these traits. These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression.

scholarly journals Personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing: Predicting youth depression

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Rudolph ◽  
Wendy Troop-Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Maternal Caregivers ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Contextual Risks

AbstractThis research examined personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing, wherein personal and contextual risks magnify the effects of earlier pubertal maturation on youth depression. A sample of 167 youths (M age = 12.41 years, SD = 1.19) and their maternal caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires at two waves. Consistent with a personal-accentuation model, earlier pubertal maturation more strongly predicted subsequent depression in youths with prior depression, certain personality traits, and maladaptive stress responses than in youths without these personal risks. Several of these effects were specific to earlier-maturing girls. Consistent with a contextual-amplification model, earlier pubertal maturation more strongly predicted subsequent depression in youths exposed to recent maternal depression and family stress than in youths without these contextual risks. These findings identify key characteristics of youths and their family context that help to explain individual variation in depressive reactions to earlier pubertal maturation. More broadly, this research contributes to integrative models of depression that consider the interplay among personal vulnerability, contextual risk, and developmental transitions.

Insomnia Symptom Severity is Associated with Increased Suicidality and Death by Suicide in a Sample of Patients with Psychiatric Disorders

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zach Simmons ◽  
Gary Burlingame ◽  
Juergen Korbanka ◽  
Kevin Eastman ◽  
Douglas Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Insomnia Symptom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depressive Personality ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

Abstract Study Objectives Insomnia is a risk factor for suicidal behavior including attempts and death by suicide. We investigated whether insomnia symptom severity was associated with suicidality and death by suicide in patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods The sample included 180 deceased patients with psychiatric disorders seen at Weber Human Services between 2008 and 2018 who completed the Outpatient Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ) prior to death. Insomnia symptom severity was assessed using item 41 from the OQ. Manner of death was determined by death records and autopsy reports. History of suicidality was determined through electronic medical records. Cases were grouped into 4 lifetime categories: non-suicidal (n=30), suicidal ideation (n=36), suicide attempt (n=95), and death by suicide (n=19). Demographic, medical, and psychiatric features of each group were compared using linear regression. Logistic regression was used to determine whether insomnia symptom severity was associated with lifetime suicidality severity grouping, adjusting for psychiatric disorders commonly linked to suicidality. Results Lifetime suicidality was associated with sleep problems, fatigue, headaches, and psychiatric disorders (i.e., depressive, personality, and trauma-related disorders). Referenced to the non-suicidal group, greater insomnia symptom severity was significantly associated with suicide attempts and death by suicide, with odds ratios (OR) of OR=2.67, p=0.011, and OR=5.53, p=0.002, respectively, even after adjusting important psychiatric diagnoses. Conclusions Results suggest that insomnia symptom severity endorsed during a clinical visit is associated with heightened suicidality, especially suicidal behavior. The presence of insomnia symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders may indicate risk for suicide and is a target for suicide prevention.

scholarly journals Blunted stress reactivity reveals vulnerability to early life adversity in young adults with a family history of alcoholism

Addiction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Lovallo ◽  
Andrew J. Cohoon ◽  
Ashley Acheson ◽  
Kristen H. Sorocco ◽  
Andrea S. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
History Of

Transplantation

Cinema, MD ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 171-192
Author(s):  
Eelco F.M. Wijdicks
Keyword(s):  
Transplant Recipient ◽  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Transplant Tourism ◽  
History Of

For many of us the heart is still symbolic of the soul. Therefore, the advent of heart transplantation opened up new avenues for movie plots. The experience of the transplant recipient has captured screenwriters’ attention. Screenwriters are intrigued by the complexity of heart transplantation and, with it, themes based on the centrality of the heart in emotions, the possibility of a donor’s personality traits being transmitted to the recipient, quests to find the donor’s family and cloning organ donors to treat complex disease. Transplant tourism and trafficking are other commonly covered topics. This chapter reviews the history of transplantation and connects it with its cinematic representations– from horrific to compassionate.

Characteristics of young, violent offenders

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alayne Yates ◽  
Larry E. Beutler ◽  
Marjorie Crago
Keyword(s):  
Emotionally Disturbed ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Violent Offenders ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Collective Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contrast Group ◽  
Early Relationships ◽  
Young Violent Offenders ◽  
School Records

Three groups of young, violent, incarcerated male offenders were compared through an analysis of semistructured interviews. These 339 young offenders described the early relationships with their fathers as more important than the early relationships with their mothers. Person offenders were relatively similar to murderers but, compared to this collective group of violent offenders, property offenders had a history of more severely impaired relationships and were more likely to have been labeled as emotionally disturbed or as learning disabled in school records. This study emphasizes the importance of considering ethnicity and of including a property offender contrast group in studies of young violent offenders.

International research on social withdrawal

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S23
Author(s):  
A.R. Teo
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Depressive Personality

IntroductionSince the 1990s the term “Hikikomori” has emerged as a way to describe a modern form of severe social withdrawal first described in Japan. Recently, there have been increasing reports of Hikikomori around the globe.ObjectivesTo describe operationalized research criteria for Hikikomori, as well as epidemiologic, diagnostic, and psychosocial features of the Hikikomori in international settings.MethodsParticipants were recruited from sites in India, Japan, Korea, and the US. Hikikomori was defined as a six-month or longer period of spending almost all time at home and avoiding social situations and social relationships, associated with significant distress/impairment. Lifetime history of psychiatric diagnosis was determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis-I and Axis-II Disorders. Additional measures included the Internet Addiction Test, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS).ResultsThirty-six participants meeting diagnostic criteria for Hikikomori were identified, with cases detected in all four countries. Avoidant personality disorder (41%), major depressive disorder (32%), paranoid personality disorder (32%), social anxiety disorder (27%), posttraumatic stress disorder (27%), and depressive personality disorder (27%) were the most common diagnoses. Sixty-eight percent had at least two psychiatric diagnoses. Individuals with Hikikomori had high levels of loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale M = 55.4, SD = 10.5), limited social networks (LSNS-6 M = 9.7, SD = 5.5), and moderate functional impairment (SDS M = 16.5, SD = 7.9).ConclusionsHikikomori exists cross-nationally and can be assessed with a standardized assessment tool. Individuals with Hikikomori have substantial psychosocial impairment and disability, and a history of multiple psychiatric disorders is common.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Physical Activity Participation in Older Adults: A Comparison of Competitors, Noncompetitors, and Nonexercisers

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Smith ◽  
Martha Storandt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Sports Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Reducing Stress

Histories of competitive sports involvement, health beliefs, reasons for exercising, and personality were compared across three groups of older adults who varied according to involvement in physical activity. Based on questionnaire responses, 246 participants were classified as competitors, noncompetitors. or nonexercisers. Competitors exhibited a lifelong history of sports participation. Although nonexercisers and noncompetitors participated in sports during their childhood and teenage years, their involvement in competition decreased noticeably in their 20s and remained low throughout adulthood. Competitors rated exercise significantly more important than did nonexercisers and non-competitors and had more varied reasons for exercising. Nonexercisers considered reducing stress and improving mood to be less important reasons for exercising than competitors and noncompetitors. All three groups were found to possess high levels of positive and low levels of negative personality traits.

Differences in personality characteristics between body‐modified and non‐modified individuals: associations with individual personality traits and their possible evolutionary implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Wohlrab ◽  
Jutta Stahl ◽  
Thomas Rammsayer ◽  
Peter M. Kappeler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Body Modification ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Piercing ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Body Modifications

After a long history of negative stigmatisation, the practices of tattooing and body piercing have become fashionable in the last decade. Today, 10% of the population in modern western societies have some form of body modification. The aim of this study was to quantify the demographic and personality traits of tattooed and pierced individuals and to compare them with a control group of individuals without body modifications. These comparisons are based on questionnaires completed by 359 individuals that investigate the details of body modification, and which incorporate five personality scales. We describe several sex differences in ornament style and location. We found no relevant differences between modified and non‐modified individuals in relation to demographic variables. This indicates that some of the traditional attitudes towards tattoos and piercings appear to be outdated. However, we found striking differences in personality traits which suggest that body‐modified individuals are greater sensation seekers and follow a more unrestricted mating strategy than their non‐modified contemporaries. We discuss these differences in light of a potential signalling function of tattoos and piercings in the mating context. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Interior of Newly Renovated St. John’s Museum in Nepomuk as Seen through the Eyes of its Employees

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Kateřina Dobrovolná
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
History Of ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
The Creation

Saint John’s Museum in Nepomuk, which is dedicated to the Saint of the same name (who was a local native), was reopened in March 2015. It’s original name was the Museum of St. John’s and other religious monuments and the museum was founded in 1930 by Father Jan Strnad. The institution was subsequently closed in the mid-20th Century. The study cursorily reveals the history of the Museum and the overall history and architecture of the building, where the Museum is located and its present status and particularly the reconstruction and the equipment of the Museum’s interior from the point of view of the Museum’s employees, specifically in regard to any problematical display cases. Three semistructured interviews were conducted with people who had contributed to the Museum in varying degrees, focused on the reconstruction of the Museum. This critical study can be of service not only to the Museum staff but also for other professionals from this area during the reconstruction of exhibitions or the creation of new ones.

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