scholarly journals Personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing: Predicting youth depression

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Rudolph ◽  
Wendy Troop-Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Maternal Caregivers ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Contextual Risks

AbstractThis research examined personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing, wherein personal and contextual risks magnify the effects of earlier pubertal maturation on youth depression. A sample of 167 youths (M age = 12.41 years, SD = 1.19) and their maternal caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires at two waves. Consistent with a personal-accentuation model, earlier pubertal maturation more strongly predicted subsequent depression in youths with prior depression, certain personality traits, and maladaptive stress responses than in youths without these personal risks. Several of these effects were specific to earlier-maturing girls. Consistent with a contextual-amplification model, earlier pubertal maturation more strongly predicted subsequent depression in youths exposed to recent maternal depression and family stress than in youths without these contextual risks. These findings identify key characteristics of youths and their family context that help to explain individual variation in depressive reactions to earlier pubertal maturation. More broadly, this research contributes to integrative models of depression that consider the interplay among personal vulnerability, contextual risk, and developmental transitions.

scholarly journals Long-term consequences of pubertal timing for youth depression: Identifying personal and contextual pathways of risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1423-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Rudolph ◽  
Wendy Troop-Gordon ◽  
Sharon F. Lambert ◽  
Misaki N. Natsuaki
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Adolescent Transition ◽  
Risk For Depression

AbstractThis research explored sex differences in the pathways linking pubertal timing to depression across 4 years. A sample of 167 youth (M age = 12.41 years, SD = 1.19) and their caregivers completed measures of puberty and semistructured interviews of interpersonal stress and youth depression. Youth reported on psychological (negative self-focus, anxious arousal) and social–behavioral (coping) characteristics; parents reported on youths’ social–behavioral characteristics (withdrawal/social problems) and deviant peer affiliations. Early maturation predicted stable high trajectories of depression in girls; although early maturing boys showed low initial levels of depression, they did not differ from girls by the final wave of the study. Latent growth curve analyses identified several psychological, social–behavioral, and interpersonal pathways accounting for the contribution of pubertal timing to initial and enduring risk for depression in girls as well as emerging risk for depression in boys. These findings provide novel insight into multilevel processes accounting for sex differences in depression across the adolescent transition.

Maternal depression and trajectories of adolescent depression: The role of stress responses in youth risk and resilience

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1413-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Monti ◽  
Karen D. Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Maternal Caregivers ◽  
Peer Stress ◽  
Youth Depression

AbstractThis study examined the independent and interactive contributions of maternal depression and youth stress responses to trajectories of youth depression in adolescence. Youths (n = 165, M age = 12.43, SD = 1.18) and their maternal caregivers participated in a 4-year longitudinal study. Mothers and youths were administered diagnostic interviews assessing depression, and youths provided reports of their responses to peer stress. Consistent with an interactive model, adaptive responses to stress (high effortful engagement and low involuntary disengagement) buffered the effect of maternal depression on initial levels and trajectories of youth depression, with gender differences emerging. Consistent with a dual-risk model, maternal depression and maladaptive responses to stress (high effortful disengagement and involuntary engagement) contributed additive risks such that youths displayed the highest levels of depression when they were exposed to maternal depression and showed maladaptive stress responses. This research provides novel evidence that responses to stress contribute to individual differences in depression among offspring of depressed mothers, and suggests that responses to stress are an important target for efforts to promote resilience in at-risk youth.

Contextual risks and psychosocial outcomes among rural African American emerging adults: A latent profile analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Trenette Clark Goings ◽  
Tianyi Yu ◽  
Gene H. Brody
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Psychosocial Outcomes ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Contextual Risks ◽  
Latent Profile

Abstract African American emerging adults face unique contextual risks that place them at heightened risk for poor psychosocial outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of contextual risks among rural African American emerging adults and determine how risk profiles relate to psychosocial outcomes. Our representative sample included 667 fifth graders who live in the rural South and were followed from preadolescence into emerging adulthood. Contextual risks were assessed at ages 19–21 years via six indicators: perceived stress, daily stress, community disadvantage, parent–child conflict, racial discrimination, and childhood trauma. Four psychosocial variables were also assessed at ages 19–21 years: self-regulation, racial identity, parent support, and friend support. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed at age 25 years: education, substance use, future orientation, depressive symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Latent profile analysis results indicated that the sample could be characterized by three patterns of contextual risk: low contextual risk, high contextual risk, and high contextual risk–childhood trauma. Risk profiles were associated with psychosocial outcomes, with the childhood trauma and high-risk profiles faring worse than the low-risk profile. Further, childhood trauma was particularly predictive of worse outcomes for emerging adults. Findings highlight the need for research and prevention programs that mitigate the effects of contextual risks on psychosocial outcomes for African American emerging adults in rural areas.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Definitions of and Approaches to Integrative Medicine: A Mixed Methods Study Examining China’s Integrative Medicine Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijun Zhang ◽  
Sonya E. Pritzker ◽  
Ka-Kit Hui
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Integrative Medicine ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews

Aim. This study identifies existing definitions and approaches among China’s integrative medicine (IM) experts and examines relationships with key characteristics distinguishing individual experts.Methods. Snowball sampling was used to select 73 IM experts for semistructured interviews. In this mixed methods study, we first identified definitions and approaches through analyzing core statements. Four key factors, including age, education, practice type, and working environment, were then chosen to evaluate the associations with the definitions.Results. Four unique definitions were identified, including IM as a “new medicine” (D1), as a combination of western medicine (WM) and Chinese medicine (CM) (D2), as a modernization of CM (D3), and as a westernization of CM (D4). D4 was mostly supported by those working in WM organizations, while D3 was more prominent from individuals working in CM organizations (P=0.00004). More than 64% clinicians had D2 while only 1 (5.9%) nonclinician had D2. Only 1 clinician (1.8%) had D4 while almost 30% nonclinicians had D4 (P=0.0001). Among nonclinicians working in WM organizations, 83.3% of them had D4 (P=0.001).Conclusion. Findings indicate that institutional structure and practice type are factors affecting IM approaches. These results carry implications for the ways in which western countries move forward with the definition and implementation of IM.

scholarly journals Pubertal maturation and affective symptoms in adolescence and adulthood: Evidence from a prospective birth cohort

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4pt1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Gaysina ◽  
Marcus Richards ◽  
Diana Kuh ◽  
Rebecca Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe higher prevalence of affective symptoms among women compared to men emerges in adolescence, and it has been associated with pubertal maturation. However, it remains unclear whether pubertal timing has long-term influences on affective symptoms. Using data from the British 1946 birth cohort, we investigated whether pubertal timing was associated with affective symptoms over the life course, distinguishing those with symptoms in adolescence only, symptoms in adulthood only, and symptoms in both adolescence and adulthood. In females, there was no evidence that early pubertal maturation was a risk factor for affective symptoms. However, those with particularly late menarche (≥15 years) showed a lower risk of adult-onset affective symptoms (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.31, 0.95). This effect of late pubertal timing was not explained by a range of sociobehavioral factors. In contrast, in males, late pubertal timing was associated with increased risk of adolescent-onset affective symptoms that tracked into adulthood (odds ratio = 2.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.44, 3.06). This effect was partly explained by low prepubertal body mass index. Sex-specific effects of pubertal timing on the long-term risk of affective symptoms might be due to different effects of gonadal hormonal on the central nervous system, as well as different social experiences during puberty.

scholarly journals Timing of Voice Breaking in Males Associated with Growth and Weight Gain Across the Life Course

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 2844-2852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken K. Ong ◽  
David Bann ◽  
Andrew K. Wills ◽  
Kate Ward ◽  
Judith E. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Few Data

Abstract Background: In contrast to the many studies in females, there are few data in males on the relationships between childhood growth and weight gain and the timing of pubertal maturation and its relevance to adult body mass index (BMI) and body composition. Methods: A total of 2008 males in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study had assessment of pubertal status including voice-breaking status (no change, starting, or complete) at age 14 yr. These responses were related to growth measurements at birth (weight only) and at 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 20, 26, 36, 43, 53, and 60–64 yr. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 60–64 yr. Results: Males with more advanced voice-breaking status at age 14 yr had similar birth weights compared with other males; they showed faster weight gain from 0–2 yr and had higher mean weight and BMI at age 2 yr. Subsequently, they continued to accelerate in weight and BMI, and also in height, and maximum differences in body size were seen at age 14 yr. Adult height did not differ between groups, but males with advanced voice breaking had higher adult BMI and greater whole-body lean mass and greater android fat mass at 60–64 yr. Conclusion: Similar to females with earlier menarche, the trajectory to earlier sexual maturation in males is manifested by faster early postnatal growth and weight gain and leads to higher adult BMI. Timing of pubertal maturation has potential relevance to adult disease risks in males. We also describe conditional height difference in sd score as a proxy marker of pubertal timing in males.

Science Communication Training in North America: Preparing Whom to Do What With What Effect?

2020 ◽  
pp. 107554702096013
Author(s):  
Anthony Dudo ◽  
John C. Besley ◽  
Shupei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Technical Communication ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Communication Training ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Current Science ◽  
Positive Impacts

This study identifies key characteristics of current science communication training programs based in North America. We report findings from semistructured interviews conducted with science communication trainers ( N = 32) that examined programs’ curricula, trainees, and impacts. Findings suggest that the current landscape of science communication training is one where a range of well-intentioned individuals and groups provide guidance to mostly self-selecting scientists. Training typically involves helping scientists find and refine their own message and then expecting these individuals to find their own opportunities to communicate. Programs commonly emphasize technical communication skills more than strategy, rarely conduct robust evaluation, and are not typically designed to enhance inclusivity. Researcher-trainer partnerships can help maximize the reach and positive impacts of these programs.

Learning from and About Elite Online Teacherpreneurs: A Qualitative Examination of Key Characteristics, School Environments, Practices, and Impacts

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Catharyn C. Shelton ◽  
Leanna M. Archambault
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Leadership ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Constant Comparative Method

Background Today's teachers are turning to online educational marketplaces, such as TeachersPayTeachers.com (TpT), where they purchase teacher-created classroom materials for a small fee. Meanwhile, teachers who sell resources in these spaces, online teacherpreneurs, stand to benefit financially and may experience other affordances as well as challenges associated with the practice. Purpose of Study This study is one of the first empirical investigations of online teacherpre-neurship. We interviewed highly experienced and successful online teacherpreneurs to understand who they are, what they do, and the impacts they encounter. Research Design Ten one-hour semistructured interviews were conducted with online teacherpreneurs who were ranked in the top 1% of sellers on TpT and had sold materials on TpT for at least four years. Interviews addressed the areas of online teacherpreneur experiences, personal characteristics, work environments, and opinions regarding online teacherpreneur controversies. Responses were analyzed to identify salient and/or repeated themes across the interviews, using the constant comparative method. Findings Online teacherpreneurs described themselves as helpful, hardworking, organized, creative, and risk-taking. Whereas some worked in supportive school environments, others worked in ambivalent schools, where they kept their teacherpreneur work separate and/or secret. They indicated that the practice of online teacherpreneurship involved creating resources, collaborating with teachers and online teacherpreneurs, and engaging in entrepreneurship. Online teacherpreneurs experienced positive impacts relating to teaching practice, teacher leadership, and their careers. They also experienced some professional stressors. Conclusions Online teacherpreneurs are emerging as virtual teacher leaders and educational influencers. They carry the responsibility to share high-quality resources, and they need the support of their schools and connections with colleagues to thrive.

scholarly journals Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Rudolph ◽  
Daniel N. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Family Adversity ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Youth Depression ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
History Of ◽  
Heighten Risk ◽  
Depressive Personality ◽  
Developmental Significance

AbstractResearch suggests that depressive personality (DP) disorder may represent a persistent, trait-based form of depression that lies along an affective spectrum ranging from personality traits to diagnosable clinical disorders. A significant gap in this area of research concerns the development of DP and its applicability to youth. The present research explored the construct of DP traits in youth. Specifically, this study examined the reliability, stability, and validity of the construct, potential origins of DP traits, and the developmental consequences of DP traits. A sample of 143 youth (mean age = 12.37 years, SD = 1.26) and their caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires on two occasions, separated by a 12-month interval. The measure of DP traits was reliable and moderately stable over time. Providing evidence of construct validity, DP traits were associated with a network of constructs, including a negative self-focus, high-negative and low-positive emotionality, and heightened stress reactivity. Moreover, several potential origins of DP traits were identified, including a history of family adversity, maternal DP traits, and maternal depression. Consistent with hypotheses regarding their developmental significance, DP traits predicted the generation of stress and the emergence of depression (but not nondepressive psychopathology) during the pubertal transition. Finally, depression predicted subsequent DP traits, suggesting a reciprocal process whereby DP traits heighten risk for depression, which then exacerbates these traits. These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression.

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