Kinds of individuals defined by patterns of variables

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Ethical Beliefs ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Occupational Goals ◽  
Continuous Measures

AbstractThis paper argues that investigators should consider replacing the popular practice of comparing individuals varying in gender, social class, and/or ethnicity on one or more continuous measures with a search for kinds of individuals defined by patterns of properties that include not only their values on outcome measures but also their gender, social class, and ethnicity. Investigators who believe that a particular predictor contributes to an outcome independent of the gender, class, or ethnicity of the participants often implement statistical procedures that promise to remove the contributions of the above categories. These analyses lead to misleading conclusions when the controlled category is correlated with the dependent measures. The final sections summarize the properties of genders, classes, and ethnic groups that make distinctive contributions to many psychological outcomes. The paper ends by noting that a society's ethical beliefs constitute a defensible basis for ignoring the biological properties associated with these categories in order to allow members of these groups access to whatever educational or occupational goals they desire.

scholarly journals Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Balakrishnan ◽  
Paul Maxim ◽  
Rozzet Jurdi
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
South Asians ◽  
The United States ◽  
Visible Minority ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Visible Minorities ◽  
Using Data

This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.

Out-Migration and Ethnic Communities

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis E. Kobrin ◽  
Alden Speare
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Economic Ties

Comparative analysis of out-migration, based on a panel followed from 1968 to 1979, reveals substantial ethnic differentials. Part of the variation results from group compositional differences in social class and other characteristics normally related to migration, particularly age, education and local birth. Equally important, however, are indicators of social and economic bonds. These have been re-interpreted as mechanisms that promote ethnic cohesiveness. The results suggest that ethnic groups characterized by a dense network of social and economic ties do not sponsor out-migration, which has been the emphasis of many past studies of chain migration and migrant assimilation. Rather, they deter out-migration by providing alternative opportunities within the ethnic community.

Mental Illness in Immigrant Minorities in London

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Selective Migration ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
The Caribbean

An epidemiological study has been made of rates of mental illness in a number of ethnic minorities who are immigrants to Britain, and have settled in a defined area of South London. Of the groups considered, those from Africa, the Old Commonwealth, India and Pakistan have the highest rates. The lowest rates were found in those from Cyprus and Malta, native Britons, and those from the Caribbean. After controlling for the effects of age, sex and social class it was found that the pattern of illness in a number of the immigrant groups differed from the pattern found in the native born. Those from Africa, the Caribbean and India and Pakistan manifested an excess of schizophrenia, while those from Eire manifested a dearth of such illness when compared with matched, native-born controls. The combination of the following factors was used to try to predict the rank order of illness rates among the ethnic groups considered: community integration; status isolation; status striving in a climate of limited opportunity; and selective migration.

scholarly journals Levels of Physical Activity in the Adult Population of La Guajira, Colombia: A Focus on Ethnicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaina Panciera-di-Zoppola ◽  
Juan Niño-Restrepo ◽  
José Melo-Freile ◽  
Rocío Ortiz-Moncada
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Activity Recommendations ◽  
Probability Of Compliance ◽  
Activity Recommendations

The objective of this study is to analyze the physical activity levels among the ethnic groups in La Guajira, Colombia, according to the different ethnic groups and their sociodemographic factors. With regards to ethnic groups, two groups were studied, ethnic (Indigenous and Afro-Colombian) and non-ethnic (White or Mestizo). In order to obtain the relevant data a non-probability sample of 251 people of ≥18 years of age were asked to complete the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In this analysis, physical activity (METs.min−1) levels were considered as the dependent variable, while the independent variables were linked to the sociodemographic factors: sex, age, social class, civil status, educational level, and municipality of residence. The individuals were then categorized based on their physical activity levels and their compliance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) physical activity recommendations. Next, using the sociodemographic variables, regression models were made to determine the likelihood of the participants meeting these physical activity targets; these models found that 78.1% of the studied participants met the targets. According to the results of the bivariate analysis, participants of ≥47 years of age, and those with only a primary education presented a lower probability of complying with the physical activity recommendations, while those who lived in large municipalities (Riohacha) displayed a larger probability of compliance [OR = 2.16; 95% CI: (1.18–3.96)]. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis showed that Indigenous and Afro-Colombian people in a low social class are more likely to comply with the physical activity recommendations [ORad = 4.88; 95% CI: (1.31–18.1)], while residing in a smaller municipality (Manaure) is associated with a lower probability of compliance [ORad = 0.39; 95% CI: (0.16–0.91)]. In addition, the educated participants were shown to be active and to comply with the physical activity recommendations is to a high degree, even when compared with national and global results. In the ethnic group however, low social class stood out as the sociodemographic factor most associated with high physical activity, while Afro-Colombians were shown to be more active than the Indigenous people. The results of this study offer evidence that can either form a base for future research.

Incidence of IDDM in Montreal by ethnic group and by social class and comparisons with ethnic groups living elsewhere

Diabetes ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1096-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Siemiatycki ◽  
E. Colle ◽  
S. Campbell ◽  
R. Dewar ◽  
D. Aubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups

Incidence of IDDM in Montreal by Ethnic Group and by Social Class and Comparisons With Ethnic Groups Living Elsewhere

Diabetes ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1096-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Siemiatycki ◽  
E. Colle ◽  
S. Campbell ◽  
R. Dewar ◽  
D. Aubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups

Occurrence of Sex and Social Class Differences in Premorbid Competence, Symptom and Outcome Measures in Acute Schizophrenics

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Raskin ◽  
Risa Golob
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Social Achievement ◽  
Negative Findings

An investigation was made of the occurrence of sex and social class differences in 15 premorbid competence, 14 symptom and two outcome measures. The sample comprised 138 newly admitted schizophrenics from nine hospitals. Middle-class patients evinced greater pre-adolescent psychic disturbance, greater premorbid interest and involvement in interpersonal, social and recreational activities, and were more emotionally unrestrained on admission than working-class patients. Female patients were older, more often married, higher on premorbid social achievement, and lower on symptoms characterizing grandiosity. The implications of these essentially negative findings for the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia, and Zigler and Phillips' reported relationship between premorbid competence and symptoms, are discussed.

Growth of Immigrant Children in the Centre of Glasgow

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Goel ◽  
R. B. Thomson ◽  
E. M. Sweet ◽  
S. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Coherent Effects ◽  
Dietary Variable ◽  
Birth Time

One hundred and ninety six Asian, 89 African, 96 Chinese and 98 Scottish children from 173 families were studied to assess growth in relation to country of birth, time of parental residence in Scotland, child order in family, social class, living conditions and dietary factors. The growth measurements (standardised height, weight and bone age) differed between ethnic groups. The Africans were the tallest and Scottish the shortest. In all immigrant groups, children born in Scotland were on average, taller and more advanced in bone age than those born in their country of origin. In this study, there was no demonstrable effect on growth of social class or of living conditions. Dietary variable showed a lack of coherent effects on growth.

scholarly journals Defining Social Class Across Time and Between Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1530-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dov Cohen ◽  
Faith Shin ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Peter Ondish ◽  
Michael W. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Poor Whites ◽  
Class Standing ◽  
Achievement Indicators

We examined changes over four decades and between ethnic groups in how people define their social class. Changes included the increasing importance of income, decreasing importance of occupational prestige, and the demise of the “Victorian bargain,” in which poor people who subscribed to conservative sexual and religious norms could think of themselves as middle class. The period also saw changes (among Whites) and continuity (among Black Americans) in subjective status perceptions. For Whites (and particularly poor Whites), their perceptions of enhanced social class were greatly reduced. Poor Whites now view their social class as slightly but significantly lower than their poor Black and Latino counterparts. For Black respondents, a caste-like understanding of social class persisted, as they continued to view their class standing as relatively independent of their achieved education, income, and occupation. Such achievement indicators, however, predicted Black respondents’ self-esteem more than they predicted self-esteem for any other group.

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