CHILD SACRIFICE IN TULA: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica María Medrano Enríquez
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Human Sacrifice ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Compound A ◽  
Cut Marks ◽  
Early Postclassic

AbstractRecent salvage excavations conducted in the Early Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo, exposed a residential compound containing an open patio, beneath which was discovered a massive burial, designated Feature 5. Human remains involving a minimum of 49 individuals were discovered, many of whom were arranged in a sitting or squatting position. The majority of individuals, including all of the latter, were young children. The bioarchaeological analysis suggests that they were sacrificed. Many individuals exhibited anthropogenic modification, including cut marks on the skull and postcranial skeleton, indicating the children had been flayed. Some individuals were represented only by the skull and cervical vertebrae, suggesting decapitation. The individuals appeared to be in bad health, a common attribute of children sacrificed to Tlaloc by the Aztecs. According to ethnohistorical sources, children offered to Tlaloc commonly had their throats slit, although this practice was not identified among the individuals in Feature 5, possibly owing to their young age. Sacrifice also may have been made to Xipe Totec, as suggested by the evidence of flaying and the presence of a large hollow sculpture of the deity located in an adjacent residential compound, a deity who has been also linked to human sacrifice related to regeneration and fertility.

Human remains at Caral, Peru: the earliest human sacrifice?

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido P. Lombardi ◽  
Uriel García-Cáceres
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Human Sacrifice ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
The City

Caral (5000-3000 BP), South America’s largest pre-ceramic complex, is located in the central coast of Peru. Its many pyramids, squares, and specialized residential units are currently in study. Despite the fact that no cemetery has been found for the city yet, the skeletal remains of a young man were found buried on the top the largest pyramid of the «sacred city.» This unusual discovery poses many questions. This paper presents the results of the study of this body, as well as some ideas about its relevance for Andean archeology

scholarly journals The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops irvinensis (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Left Front

The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops (= Chasmosaurus) irvinensis (CMN 41357), lacking only the tail, most of the left front and left hind limbs, and portions of the pelvis, is preserved in articulation. It is one of the most complete, best articulated ceratopsid skeletons known. Both the manus and vertebral column exhibit conspicuous pathologies, possibly an indication of advanced age at the time of death. The vertebral column comprises a syncervical, six additional cervical vertebrae, and 12 dorsals. A partial synsacrum is represented by two dorsosacrals, four sacrals, two caudosacrals, and a partial third caudosacral centrum. The ribcage, although crushed, is nearly complete. The sternum is unusually wide compared with other ceratopsids. As in other chasmosaurines, the humerus bears a prominent deltopectoral crest that forms the anterior edge of the broad, rectangular proximal humeral expansion. The medial tuberosity is separated from the dorsal surface of the humerus by a distinct notch. The insertion for the latissimus dorsi is conspicuous. The deltopectoral crest extends a full half of the distance to the distal end of the humerus. Epipodials of the forelimb are relatively short compared to the corresponding propodial. The ulna has a long, distinctly triangular olecranon, broadly rounded anterolateral process, prominent medial process, and a deeply concave trochlear notch. The terminal phalanges on the fourth and fifth manual digits are relatively large, and unlike other ceratopsids have distinct distal ?articular facets. The fourth trochanter of the femur is relatively proximal in position. This study and other recent studies of ceratopsid postcrania suggest that potentially useful taxonomic variation is present in the number of dorsosacrals, size of the groove on the ventral surface of the sacrum, morphology of the last dorsal and dorsosacral ribs, morphology of the scapula and proximal expansion of the humerus, morphology of the ulna, ratio of humerus/epipodium, morphology of the fifth manual digit, and position of the fourth trochanter of the femur.

What Children Say When They Talk About the Past

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Reese
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Language Skill ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
The Past

The study of children's spontaneous talk about the past is critical to understanding narrative and autobiographical memory development. Mothers of 59 New Zealand children recorded their spontaneous talk about past events. In Study 1, mothers recorded children's verbal memories at 25 and 32 months. Study 2 consisted of one child's verbal memories from 14.5 to 19.5 months of age. The results from both studies revealed that children progressed from talking about absent objects and locations to mentioning more complex aspects of events. At first, children's verbal memories were largely cued by the environment, but children were capable of internally cued memories from a very young age. Children's verbal memory development was not completely dependent on their language skill. Children's spontaneous memories focused on much more mundane events than those adults chose to discuss with their young children. The shift in what children find interesting to encode and discuss, along with their skill in narrating events to others, may contribute to the beginning of autobiographical memory.

HUMAN SACRIFICE AND DIVINE NOURISHMENT IN MESOAMERICA: THE ICONOGRAPHY OF CACAO ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF GUATEMALA

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Human Sacrifice ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Early Postclassic ◽  
Ethnographic Data

AbstractThis article explores the sacrificial symbolism of cacao (Theobroma sp.) on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, manifest in the iconography of ceramic objects and stone sculptures from the Classic period, in textual references from the colonial period, and in contemporary ethnographic data from the southern highlands. The iconographic and textual metaphors contained in these sources linked cacao pods with dead warriors, captives, and sacrificial victims. As interpreted in this article, the harvest of cacao was equated with the acquisition of sacrificial victims, and both were conceived as precious sources of nourishment for the gods. Changes in artistic representations are discernible from Early Classic Teotihuacan-style censers to Early Postclassic Plumbate ceramic effigies. Cacao and other fruits from the Pacific coastal piedmont are still related to the symbolism of war and sacrifice in contemporary rituals from the Tz'utujil town of Santiago Atitlán. Data from southern Guatemala may be relevant to understand the sacrificial symbolism of cacao throughout Mesoamerica.

scholarly journals A Study in Frustration: Analysis of Human Remains Removed from the Coker Mound Site (41CS1)

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon McCormick Derrick
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
Founding Member

Human skeletal remains were removed from the Coker Mound site (41CS1) by unidentified excavators sometime immediately prior to the Texas Archeological Society (TAS) meetings of 1995. Mike Turner, a Steward in the Office of the State Archeologists' Texas Archeological Steward Network and a founding member of the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, was able to retrieve a cranium, mandible; and six cervical vertebrae from this collection for a brief period, bringing them to the TAS meetings. It was his dedication that provided the opportunity for these remains to be studied.

New information on the pectoral girdle and vertebral column in Lupeosaurus (Reptilia, Pelycosauria)

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1343-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Sumida
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Posterior Edge ◽  
Articular Facet ◽  
New Information

UCLA VP 1651, a new specimen from the Lower Permian Admiral Formation of Archer County, Texas, provides information on heretofore unknown portions of the postcranial skeleton of the large pelycosaur Lupeosaurus. Presacral neural spines are elongate and have a subcircular cross section. Laterally directed tubercles are not present on any of the neural spines. Cervical vertebrae appear to have elongate neural spines and sharply keeled centra. Transverse processes are positioned relatively high above the bases of the centra through the length of axial column. The pattern of tilting of the neural spines is similar to that in the primitive edaphosaur Ianthasaurus hardestii. The proximal end of the first sacral rib contributes significantly to the intervertebral articular facet usually formed by the centra. The sacral ribs do not appear to fuse with one another distally. The ventral clavicular plate is greatly expanded anteriorly. The posterior edge of the subcoracoscapular fossa is very well defined. The available morphological information does not warrant a separate familial designation for the genus Lupeosaurus. Despite the lack of laterally directed tubercles of the neural spines, Lupeosaurus appears to be referrable to the Edaphosauridae. However, in the absence of cranial materials, this association must remain tentative. Although this description adds new information for only a restricted portion of the skeleton, it does appear to confirm the existence of a distinct, albeit rare, pelycosaur from the extensively studied fauna of the Lower Permian.

Postcranium of the paradigm elasmosaurid plesiosaurianLibonectes morgani(Welles, 1949)

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
SVEN SACHS ◽  
BENJAMIN P. KEAR
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement

AbstractElasmosauridae constitutes one of the most immediately recognizable plesiosaurian radiations. Their distinctive body plan represents the popular model for Plesiosauria, and is typified by an osteological morphology especially adapted for hyper-elongation of the neck. Nevertheless, many archetypal elasmosaurids are known only from incomplete and/or inadequately documented material, a problem that has contributed to their uncertain intra-clade relationships. A prime example of this isLibonectes morganifrom the Upper Cretaceous of Texas, USA, which is frequently presented as an elasmosaurid structural proxy because of its three-dimensionally preserved holotype skull. Perplexingly though, both the taxonomic diagnosis and phylogenetic placement ofL. morganirely primarily upon the cervical vertebrae, together with the pectoral girdle and forelimb, yet most of these elements are now lost and figured only as line drawings. We therefore reviewed the remnant postcranial skeleton ofL. morganifirst-hand with the objective of clarifying its defining character states. Our observations showed that the existing diagnosis ofL. morganiis indeed inadequate. Moreover, the only identifiable autapomorphies occurred within the axial skeleton. This concurred with an examination of character scores used in published plesiosaurian phylogenies, and highlights the persistent significance of postcranial elements for discriminating elasmosaurid taxa.

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Tlatoani Site at Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Cherkinsky ◽  
Raúl Francisco González Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Early Postclassic ◽  
Preclassic Period ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Good Agreement

The archaeological site of Tlatoani at Tlayacapan is located in the Mexican Highlands, in the present-day state of Morelos. The site is an extant settlement located at the top of the Tepoztlan mountain range, and has been occupied since the Late Preclassic period (AD 150–500). At the height of its occupation in the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (AD 600–1150), Tlayacapan was situated on the top of the hill. The radiocarbon investigations reported herein revealed some further distinct findings, although no clear absolute chronology was demonstrated. A dog skull was found inside the oldest foundation stage, and dated between cal AD 646 and 765, the middle of the Epiclassic period. Human remains found in the first grave belonged to three individuals. A male skeleton was dated to AD 1158–1227. Fragments of an incomplete skeleton of a child and an incomplete skeleton of a second male were placed on top of the first male skeleton and were dated in the range AD 1030–1156. A fourth skeleton found nearby in the second grave gave a similar date of AD 1164–1253. These burials were in accordance with the Middle America cosmovisional system, where bodies were buried beneath the household space. It is evident from the 14C dates of the skeletons that the burial sites beneath the household space had been reused by exhuming and reburying skeletons that had been previously buried there. A comparison of dates on fractions of collagen and bioapatite of the same bones was possible. Two of the samples were in good agreement between these fractions, whereas the other three samples are close but just outside the 2σ range.

scholarly journals Rethinking Developmentally Appropriate Concept in Indonesian Picture Bible Story Book

k ta ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Kartika Bayu Primasanti ◽  
Desi Yoanita
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Young Age ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Bible Stories ◽  
The Church

In Christian education, inheriting faith values to children since a young age was a pivotal responsibility for parents, the church, and Christian education institutions. According to a previous study, inheriting these values was applied through the tradition of reading illustrated Bible together with parents. In this study, illustrated Bible was not the Bible. It was illustrated literature that contained Bible stories. Using the perspective of Developmentally-Appropriate, the researchers elaborated how illustrated Bible in the marketplace had or had not used the developmentally appropriate concept for young children. This research would be a reference to design illustrated Bible for young children, in the form of printed book or application, and a reference for parents and educators to choose an illustrated children Bible which was appropriate for a child’s age, and for publishers to give age label for children Bible products.

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