Les fondements de la Rhétorique d'Aristote reconsidérés par Fārābi, ou le concept de point de vue immédiat et commun

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroun Aouad
Keyword(s):  
Common Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The use of the immediate and common point of view (bādi' al-ra'y al-muštarak) is presented, in Arab philosophy, as characteristic of the rhetorical method. We will endeavour, in this article, to determine the importance, the significance and the origins of this concept in the works of Fārābī. The first part examines the concept's position in the structure of Kitāb where Fārābī, while following Rhet. I 2 (a veritable introduction to the discipline of oratory) tries to improve the structure of Aristotle's chapter around this concept, which is not in Aristotle. The concept is then defined in the second part. What is at issue is not the immediate point of view of an individual who might think of certain propositions as being universally accepted, when in fact they are not, but rather the point of view which is accepted without question by the majority. It relies on a kind of testimony (šahāda) rather than on the personal judgement of the auditor. It differs nevertheless from propositions which are really universally accepted because these can only be invalidated by an elite and not by any ordinary examination. In the third part, we will review those doctrines of Kitāb which depend on the concept of the immediate and common point of view, focusing in particular on the definition of enthymema. In the last part, we will investigate some philological and philosophical difficulties, such as the difference between rhetorical and dialectical premises, which constitute the background to the development of the concept.

scholarly journals دلالة الباء التضمنية و المطابقية في آية الوضوء

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
جيران ، حمد علي هارب
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This research discusses the significance of the underlying and corresponding (B) in the verse of ablution .It consists of a preface , four chapters and a termination .Within the limits of the preface , it dealt with the clarification of the importance of the research .In the first chapter , it dealt with the definition of the underlying significance according to the jurists point of view , also the scientists, point of view who support the underlying significance and the people who agree with them , as well as the aspects of the Hanafia’s and the shafia's inference regarding the implication.   The research also deals with the definition of the corresponding significance according to the jurists' point of view as well as the scientists' point of view who support the correspondence of the (B) significance .These people are the Malikia and the Hanablah and the people who agree with them as well as the aspects of their inference in this issue .The third chapter tackles the more acceptable significance of the two discussed in the former chapters .The final one clarifies the impact of the difference between the underlying and the corresponding (B) according to the jurists' point of view .Finally the research is concluded by the most important deductions.

The Limit Situation And The Narrative Of War (On The Material Of The Novel “My Lieutenant” By Daniil Granin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Kuprin ◽  
Galina I. Danilina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Abstract Author ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is the analysis of limit situation in the narrative of war. The material of the study is the novel of Daniil Granin “My Lieutenant” and related texts. In the first part of the paper, the authors explore existing approaches to the term “limit situation” and similar concepts into scientific and philosophical traditions; limits of its applicability in literary studies and its relation to the categories of “narrative instances” and “event”. Proposed a literary-theoretical definition of the limit situation, which can be used in the analysis of fiction texts. Existing approaches to the examination of the situation of war are analyzed: philosophical-existential, psychoanalytic, sociological, literary. In the second part of the paper, the authors propose their method for analyzing limit situations in texts about war, which basis on existing approaches and preserves the text-centric principle of studying the structure of the story. Two interrelated areas of research have been identified: the study of war as a continuous limit situation in the intertextual aspect (the discourse of war); the study of limit situations (death, suffering, guilt, accident) in the narrative of war as part of a specific text. In the third part of the scientific work,the analysis of war as a continuous limit situation results in the study of the concept of “limit” (border) in a fiction text. The role of “limit” (border) concept in the texts about the war is studied, the possible types of limits in the discourse of war are examined. Limit situations in the narrative of war are analyzed on the basis of the novel “My Lieutenant” by Daniil Granin. A review of journalistic and scientific works about the novel revealed both the continuity and the differences between the novel and the “lieutenant” prose of the 20th century. An analysis of the limit situations in the novel revealed their key position in the narrative. These situations are independent of the fiction time, of the fluctuation of the point of view’; the function of the abstract author is to build the narrative as a “directive” immersion of the hero and narrator in these situations.

Charops and Roman Policy in Epirus

1945 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Scullard
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Territorial Aggression ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Of Greece

In the settlement of Greece after the Third Macedonian War Roman policy was at times moderate, at times harsh. On occasion the difference might represent only an individual point of view: thus the terms imposed upon Macedonia might seem generous to a Roman who contemplated the grant of ‘freedom’ to the Macedonians, the reduction of taxation and the absence of territorial aggression on Rome's part, while they might equally seem harsh to a Macedonian who felt that his sense of nationhood had been violated by Rome's creation of the four independent Republics. But towards Epirus Roman policy seems to have been marked by two successive stages, the first moderate, the second brutal. It is the purpose of this note to attempt to consider the causes which determined this change and to examine what influence the Epirote Charops exercised upon the measures which turned his country into a playground for Roman brutality and ultimately into an abomination of desolation.

scholarly journals LEGAL AXIOMS: APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Inna Zelenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reflects the diversity of views on the concept of "legal axiom". It is clarified that there are lawyers who deny the existence of the concept of "axiom" in law. It is presented that some scholars identify legal axioms with legal customs in terms of content, formulation and existence, as well as methods of provision. It is revealed that legal axioms have common features and differences with legal presumptions. It is emphasized that the legal presumption and legal axiom are understood as true without evidence. It is considered that the difference between a legal presumption and a legal axiom lies in the difference of circumstances: they allow to consider them plausible; possibilities (impossibilities) of refutation; significance, content and form It is demonstrated that there are several approaches to the relationship of legal axioms with the principles of law. It has been found that the first group of scholars identify the principles of law and axioms. Attention is drawn to the fact that the second group of scholars notes that axioms are prerequisites for the principles of law. It is presented that the representatives of the third group distinguish between the concepts of principles of law and legal axioms. It has been shown that the complex interrelationships of principles and axioms are reflected in their dialectical unity, their ability to pass from one to another, and the disclosure of one phenomenon through another. It is noted that axioms are subject to change, so axioms and presumptions are closely interrelated and under certain conditions can replace each other. The definition of legal axioms has been further considered. Legal axioms are a multifaceted complex phenomenon of legal reality related to law, legal awareness and legal science. regularities, properties of special legal principles of law and serve to simplify legal regulation.

Is there Any Possibility of Reconciliation between Erasmus and Luther?

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Miikka Ruokanen
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Real Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Cross Of Christ ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Catholic Tradition ◽  
God's Grace

After five centuries, would it be possible to see any chance of reconciliation between Erasmus and Luther? Looking at this question from the point of view of the three dimensions of the doctrine of grace, we might say some hopeful words. As to the first (1) dimension of grace, at many points even Erasmus admits that human choice must be empowered by God’s grace in order to move in the direction willed by God. But here the real difference is that, for Erasmus, free choice is enabled by the grace given in the creation and it is still naturally efficient in the sinners, whereas Luther sees that there is no freedom because of the human being’s enslavement by unfaith —there is a need for the efficient prevenient movement of the Holy Spirit which alone can create faith. As to the second (2) dimension of grace, following the Catholic tradition, Erasmus knows the conception of (2a) the forensic-juridical forgiveness of sins based on the atonement by the cross of Christ—in this respect there is no real point of controversy between the two. But Erasmus knows nothing about (2b) the union of the sinner with Christ in the Holy Spirit, the Trinitarian participatory conception of justification, central for Luther. In respect to the third (3) dimension of grace, both see possible the cooperation of the believer with God, the difference being Erasmus’ more anthropocentric concept of sanctification if compared with Luther’s emphasis of growth in love enabled by the Holy Spirit.

scholarly journals To the issue of defining and distinguishing vernacular, common slang and slang in Russian

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Marina A. Kropacheva ◽  
Ekaterina S. Litvinova
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Functional Language ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
The People ◽  
Communication Situations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Colloquial Speech

Difficulties in describing such notions as vernacular, common slang and slang and the reference of certain lexical units or texts to a particular language phenomenon stem from the variety of opinions and ways of defining each of them. These debatable questions have become more distinctive in Russian linguistics with the growing contacts with European linguistic schools and therefore copying the terms without adapting them to Russian theory of language. The using of these terms is becoming chaotic due to the fact that modern Russian linguistics often neglects the basic achievements of Soviet linguistics in the field of distinguishing language varieties. The article considers two approaches to the definition of vernacular, common slang and slang: from the point of view of their being fully functional language varieties and from the point of view of their functional facilities. As a result of the analysis of the data about language varieties, a conclusion is drawn about the common and different in these concepts. If these notions considered as similar to major language varieties such as standard language, standard colloquial speech and territorial dialects, then they cannot be called fully functional language varieties, since they have an extremely vague social base, they are characterized by a low degree of standardization, functional diversity and the intersection of their lexical content. Thus, it can be concluded that such language phenomena belong to the specific kind of language variations that are defined by their transitional nature. If functional facility of vernacular, common slang and slang is considered, it is worth noting that there are a lot of stylistically marked lexical units in slang. They are slightly less numerous in vernacular, and even less numerous in common slang. This peculiarity stems from the fact that common slang includes lexical units able to function as the fillers of the gaps in standard language, standard colloquial speech or territorial dialects. It should be noted that the lexical units of all three language phenomena are used in various communication situations even by the people who are well versed in the norms of the standard language. The fact that lexical units belong to vernacular, common slang or slang does not prevent well-educated speakers from using all stylistic functions of such units. Speakers who know the difference between standard and slang or vernacular words are able to vary these language tools to attract the attention of a certain category of people (for example, for advertising, communicating with youth, etc.).

scholarly journals Forms of applıcatıon of algorıthms ın school mathematıcs teachıng

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2 (135)) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Kamala Yunis
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Mathematics Teaching ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Theoretical Structure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Integrated Mathematics

As for the qualitative definition of the theoretical structure of the concept of algorithm, obtained by building a system of its study on the basis of component analysis in the article, it should be completed by studying the types of algorithmic processes. Three common types of such processes (linear, branching and recursive) play a slightly different role here. The first two types are somewhat simple, as we tried to show in Example 1, it would be natural to use them in the study of the components of the algorithm. Recursive processes can be applied to the play of already separated concepts. There are plenty of examples in various sections of Algebra, such as the "sequences" section, in particular. Finding the approximate value of an expression using the Heron formula can be a good example of recursive processes. The purpose of the research is to develop a methodological system that identifies opportunities to improve the quality of integrated mathematics teaching in V-IX grades and connect it with computer technology as well as identifies ways to apply it in the learning process. Textbooks often show the performance of a particular action on a few specific examples. We come across different situations here. Sometimes the rule is stated after the solution of the work, and sometimes the work is considered after the expression of the rule. The third case is possible, there is no definition of the rule in the textbook, but specific examples of the application of the formed algorithm are considered. This is quite common in school textbooks, especially when considering complex algorithms. In such cases, it is accepted to call the solutions of the studies as examples. The sample solution must meet certain requirements. Let's separate some of them from the point of view of the formed algorithm: the most characteristic cases of the considered type of problem should be considered; numerical data should be selected in such a way that the necessary calculations can be performed orally in order to draw students' attention to the sequence of elementary operations that make up the steps of the formed algorithm. If the problem-solving example meets these requirements, then the type of problem assigned to it can be considered as an algorithm for solving the problem. If, depending on the initial data, there are several fundamentally different cases of problem solving, it is necessary to consider examples of problem solving for each such case.

scholarly journals Sebuah Telaah Elips dan Lingkaran Melalui Sebuah Pendekatan Aljabar Matriks

CAUCHY ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmat Sagara
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Matrix Algebra ◽  
Positive Definite Matrix ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Matrix Form ◽  
Algebra Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Set Of Points

In this article, ellipse and circle will be learnt in depth via matrix algebra approach. The discussion of the both is started from their classic definition continued by surveying ellipse in matrix form. During the survey, some properties about ellipse will be explained and also, the procedure in drawing the figures can be obtained geometrically using some aspect in geometry: rotation and translation. At the end of the discussion, the new definition of the figures is deduced. Both of them are defined as” a set of points in a plane that are the same distance from a fixed point” but in different point of view about the ‘distance’. The ‘distance’ in the definition is derived from different norm definition. The difference lies on the positive definite matrix used in the norm definition. Base on the new definition, we’ll have the conclusion that circle is a special type of ellipse.

The Metaphysical Dimension of Dialogicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover
Keyword(s):  
Salient Feature ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stream Of Consciousness ◽  
Structural Dimension ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

In this essay, a theoretical connection is posited between the “third type” of word in Mikhail Bakhtin’s typology of discourse, and the phenomenological gaze as defined by Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Starting from an aesthetic definition of perception, originating in Charles Baudelaire’s “Salon” series on art, the essay goes on to claim that in Dostoevsky’s works, Bakhtin uncovered the representation of the process of perception, encapsulated in the representation of “the word” (slovo) as a function of the unconscious processes of language. In Dostoevsky’s poetics, this represented word is the word in the stream-of-consciousness of his fictional characters which defines the embedded narrative structure of the polyphonic novel. However, Dostoevsky’s dialogic word, as described by Bakhtin, is an on-stage embodiment of dialogicity in the communication situation. This dialogic word transcends the structural dimension of narrative. The point of view, which Bakhtin describes as the entire mental orientedness («цeльнaя дуxoвнaя уcтaнoвкa») of the speaker, belongs to the phenomenology of “the gaze,” which is outlined in aesthetics and poststructural (psychoanalytic) theory as the salient feature of representation in the art and literature of modernity.

Tack in Rubber

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1178-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. F. Bussemaker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The expressions tack, tackiness, and stickiness have been in use since the beginning of the rubber industry. During the years their meaning has changed considerably. The first occasion where tackiness was mentioned was in the case of crude natural rubber. The surface of the rubber became tacky or sticky during storage. This phenomenon has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. As a general conclusion it was accepted that both oxidation and depolymerisation occurred. Three factors were reported to be the cause of these processes: light, traces of copper, and manganese. From our point of view we would call this effect stickiness, as we are only interested in the building tack of rubber. In the period when the only rubber was natural rubber and high loadings of highly active fillers were not generally used in compounds, building tack was no problem. Building tack was first mentioned in a publication by Griffith and Jones in 1928. They started their experiments by measuring tack in their search for methods to prevent cotton liners from sticking to unvulcanized rubber. One would have expected much work on the measurement and improvement of tack in Germany and Russia during the development of synthetic rubbers. However, this only proved to be the case in Russia. The first publication available was the translation of an article by Voyutskii and Margolina in 1957. From Voyutskii's work we were able to trace the first article in 1935 by Zhukov and Talmud, who studied the adhesive power of synthetic rubber. In the USA the first theoretical approach to the subject was by Josefowitz and Mark in 1942, who at that time did not realize the difference between stickiness and tack. This difference became clear when lack of tack became the big problem in the use of synthetic rubber. In many cases it was found that addition of resins and softeners gave a very sticky compound which had no building tack at all. The tack problem was first discussed at the ASTM symposium on the application of synthetic rubbers in 1944 by Juve who gave a definition of building tack. From that time, the problem has been studied regularly, especially from the practical side, to find ways and means to improve the building tack of synthetic rubbers.

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