Zimbabwe Ruins in Botswana: Settlement Hierarchies, Political Boundaries and Symbolic Statements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Huffman ◽  
Mike Main
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
District Level ◽  
East Central ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

At its peak in the sixteenth century, the Zimbabwe Culture encompassed an area the size of France. The greater Tuli area in east-central Botswana formed the western extent of this culture area. Here many dzimbahwe mark the residences of sacred leaders in the later Khami period (1400–1840 ad). These stone-walled headquarters formed a pyramid of political importance, with district chiefs (Level 4) and petty chiefs (Level 3) at the top and headmen (Level 2) and commoners (Level 1) at the base. Commoners and their headmen lived near arable land, while petty chiefs placed their administrative centres at the boundaries of their small chiefdoms. In death, sacred leaders rested in dzimbahwe on special hills, while ordinary villagers were buried in their homesteads. During the Khami period in Botswana, these various settlements were part of only one Level 4 district: Level 5 and Level 6 capitals were located elsewhere. After the collapse of the powerful Torwa state at Khami, decorative symbols changed from emphasizing the majesty of kingship (Khami) to the responsibilities of sacred leaders (Zinjanja), and then back again to kingship in the Rozvi state (Danangombe). The powerful Rozvi state did not extend to the Tuli area, probably because it was too dry.

EVALUASI PELATIHAN DI PT. PUPUK KUJANG CIKAMPEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Training Evaluation ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
A Company ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Evaluation Sheet ◽  
Assessment Factor

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.

scholarly journals An Atmospheric Visibility Grading Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Stochastic Weight Average

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Xiuguo Zou ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Zhibin Cao ◽  
Yan Qian ◽  
Shixiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Atmospheric Visibility ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Grading Model ◽  
Level 2

In order to adequately characterize the visual characteristics of atmospheric visibility and overcome the disadvantages of the traditional atmospheric visibility measurement method with significant dependence on preset reference objects, high cost, and complicated steps, this paper proposed an ensemble learning method for atmospheric visibility grading based on deep neural network and stochastic weight averaging. An experiment was conducted using the scene of an expressway, and three visibility levels were set, i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Firstly, the EfficientNet was transferred to extract the abstract features of the images. Then, training and grading were performed on the feature sets through the SoftMax regression model. Subsequently, the feature sets were ensembled using the method of stochastic weight averaging to obtain the atmospheric visibility grading model. The obtained datasets were input into the grading model and tested. The grading model classified the results into three categories, with the grading accuracy being 95.00%, 89.45%, and 90.91%, respectively, and the average accuracy of 91.79%. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by the existing methods, and the proposed method showed better performance than those of other methods. This method can be used to classify the atmospheric visibility of traffic and reduce the incidence of traffic accidents caused by atmospheric visibility.

The Magical Number Two, Plus or Minus One: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Musical Information

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Ockelford
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Magical Number ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Like all fields of human artistic endeavour, music is constrained by our cognitive processing requirements and limitations (Swain, 1986; Lerdahl, 1988; Huron, 2001). This articleconsiders particular forms of constraint pertaining to the relationships that the structure-seeking mind (subconsciously) fabricates between perceived musical events. It is proposed that 2±1 may be a universal limitation pertaining to the level of relationships so ideated. That is, in terms of Lewin'S (1987) theoretical framework in which “intervals” can be intuited between the “elements” of musical “spaces”, it is posited that the cognition of musical structure occurs either through intervals (level 1), through intervals between these (level 2), or — in some circumstances — through intervals between these(level 3). This proposition is explored through the psychomusicological model developed by Ockelford (1991, 1993, 1999), which too analyses musical structure in terms of the relationships that may be cognised between its discrete perceptual components. In particular, the model identifies a type of cognitive link through which events (at any level) arefelt to imply others the same or similar — through so-called “zygonic” relationships. This theory suggests a further general principle: that the highest level of relationship inoperation at any given point must be zygonic if the music is to be structurally coherent. Evidence for this, and for the limit on the level of relationships of 2±1, is offeredthrough a series of musical examples, which illustrate a variety of musical organisation in action. Finally, empirical work is suggested to explore further the theoretical ideas that arepresented here.

Systems biology markup language: Level 2 and beyond

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1472-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Finney ◽  
M. Hucka
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Biochemical Networks ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Exchange Format ◽  
Systems Biology Markup Language ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The SBML (systems biology markup language) is a standard exchange format for computational models of biochemical networks. We continue developing SBML collaboratively with the modelling community to meet their evolving needs. The recently introduced SBML Level 2 includes several enhancements to the original Level 1, and features under development for SBML Level 3 include model composition, multistate chemical species and diagrams.

Knowledge Acquired from Learning: New Evidence of Hierarchical Conceptualization

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 975-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Montare
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Level 2

Following successful inductive acquisition of procedural cognition of a discrimination-reversal learning task, 50 female and 50 male undergraduates articulated declarative cognizance of knowledge acquired from learning. Tests of four hypotheses showed that (1) increasingly higher levels of declarative cognizance were associated with faster learning rates, (2) six new cases of cognition-without-cognizance were observed, (3) students presumably using secondary signalization learned faster than those presumably using primary signalization, and (4) no sex differences in learning rates or declarative cognizance were observed. The notion that explicit levels of declarative cognizance may represent implicit hierarchical conceptualization comprised of four systems of knowledge acquisition led to the conclusions that primary signalization may account for inductive senscept formation at Level 1 and for inductive percept formation at Level 2, whereas emergent secondary signalization may account for inductive precept formation at Level 3 and for inductive concept formation at Level 4.

scholarly journals Assessing a Prototype Database for Comprehensive Global Aquatic Land Cover Mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4012
Author(s):  
Panpan Xu ◽  
Nandin-Erdene Tsendbazar ◽  
Martin Herold ◽  
Jan G. P. W. Clevers
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Land Cover Mapping ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Multiple User ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Flooded Areas

The monitoring of Global Aquatic Land Cover (GALC) plays an essential role in protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems. Although many GALC datasets have been created before, a uniform and comprehensive GALC dataset is lacking to meet multiple user needs. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of using existing global datasets to develop a comprehensive and user-oriented GALC database and identify the gaps of current datasets in GALC mapping. Eight global datasets were reframed to construct a three-level (i.e., from general to detailed) prototype database for 2015, conforming with the United Nations Land Cover Classification System (LCCS)-based GALC characterization framework. An independent validation was done, and the overall results show some limitations of current datasets in comprehensive GALC mapping. The Level-1 map had considerable commission errors in delineating the general GALC distribution. The Level-2 maps were good at characterizing permanently flooded areas and natural aquatic types, while accuracies were poor in the mapping of temporarily flooded and waterlogged areas as well as artificial aquatic types; vegetated aquatic areas were also underestimated. The Level-3 maps were not sufficient in characterizing the detailed life form types (e.g., trees, shrubs) for aquatic land cover. However, the prototype GALC database is flexible to derive user-specific maps and has important values to aquatic ecosystem management. With the evolving earth observation opportunities, limitations in the current GALC characterization can be addressed in the future.

scholarly journals Audit Sistem Pendataan Keluarga Menggunakan Pendekatan Framework COBIT 5 Pada Domain DSS (Studi Kasus: BKKBN Propinsi Jawa Barat)

Teknika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Angga Maulana Nurhuda ◽  
Ervan Philipus ◽  
Ivan Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Capability Level

Peran sistem pendataan keluarga dalam rangka mendukung pencapaian program BANGGAKENCANA pada BKKBN Propinsi Jawa Barat adalah untuk menyediakan data dasar sebagai perencanaan strategis, peta kerja, maupun pemetaan mekanisme operasional menjadi krusial untuk menopang keberhasilan program. Untuk memastikan delivery produk, layanan, dan dukungan yang dihasilkan perlu dilakukan evaluasi sehingga dapat menghasilkan tata kelola sistem pendataan keluarga yang lebih optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh ukuran capability level proses TI saat ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan yang diharapkan sehingga dapat diperoleh kesenjangan guna penyusunan rekomendasi yang dapat diimplementasikan pada Siklus Sistem Pendataan Keluarga Tahun 2021 dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja COBIT 5. Data yang diperoleh bersumber dari responden yang berwenang dan kompeten berdasarkan pemetaan diagram RACI pada COBIT 5. Dari hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa dari 6 proses terpilih pada domain DSS terdapat 4 proses yang mencapai level 1 (performed) dan 2 proses yang berhasil mencapai level 2 (managed process). Tingkat kemampuan manajemen TI yang diharapkan berada pada level 3 sehingga GAP muncul di semua domain yang bermakna saat ini organisasi belum sepenuhnya mengimplementasikan proses yang ditetapkan untuk mencapai tujuan proses. Dari seluruh rangkaian penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa diperoleh nilai level kapabilitas sebesar 1,33 dan terdapat GAP sebesar 1,67 untuk mencapai level yang diharapkan. Dalam penelitian ini disampaikan rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan kapabilitas proses sehingga BKKBN Propinsi Jawa Barat dapat mencapai tingkat kapabilitas yang diharapkan.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KESALAHAN MATEMATIKA SISWA SMP BERDASARKAN TAHAPAN KASTOLAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Antonia Dwi Raharti ◽  
Tri Nova Hasti Yunianta
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The study aims to identify kinds of high school students’ misrepresent in doing their tasks and to provide the appropriate scaffolding as a solution to help the students. This is a qualitative descriptive research. The research subject consists of three junior high school students who have different abilities in Mathematics. They were selected out of 92 students. This research studied the conceptual errors, procedural mistakes, and students’ technical mistakes in working on the problems based on the stages of Kastolan mistakes and the scaffoldings given. Furthermore, the data were collected by using the way of testing, interviewing and documenting techniques. The research data were guarantee validated with the triangulation method. The result of the research showed that there were some errors done by the students in doing the tasks. They were the conceptual errors, procedural mistakes, and technical errors. The scaffoldings given to help the students do the tasks for Level 1 (environmental provisions), Level 2 (explaining, reviewing dan restructuring), and Level 3 (developing conceptual thinking).

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Game 3D “KARMA” sebagai Media Mengenal Hukuman dari Perbuatan Buruk Berbasis Android

2018 ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Sri Diah Sukayanti ◽  
I Ketut Adi Purnawan ◽  
A. A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan Wiranatha
Keyword(s):  
3D Game ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Dosa diartikan sebagai karma atau perbuatan buruk manusia. Dosa merupakan perbuatan yang dilarang oleh Tuhan yang mengakibatkan manusia masuk Neraka. Game 3D “KARMA” dikembangkan bertujuan untuk penyampaian pengetahuan mengenai hukuman dari perbuatan buruk atau dosa. Game 3D “KARMA” dapat membuat pengguna lebih memahami tentang pentingnya berbuat baik dan menghindarkan diri dari perbuatan buruk. Game yang dikembangkan ber-genre side-scrolling running, menampilkan objek 3 Dimensi (3D) dan jenis rintangan berbeda pada setiap gameplay, yang mengangkat cerita dari hukuman yang diterima oleh manusia setelah meninggal, yang melakukan perbuatan buruk semasa hidupnya. Game 3D “KARMA” menggunakan sensor Accelerometer sebagai pengendali karakter menghindari rintangan ke kanan dan ke kiri dengan memiringkan smartphone, yang diimplimentasikan dalam bahasa pemograman C#. Game 3D “KARMA” yang dihasilkan memiliki 4 level gameplay dengan jenis perbuatan buruk dan hukuman yang berbeda dengan gameplay Level 1 Alam Maya, Level 2 Bukit Gersang, Level 3 Sungai Licin dan Level 4 Jembatan Gantung yang menggunakan objek 3D. Kata Kunci: Perbuatan Buruk, Game Edukasi, Accelerometer, 3D, Game Petualangan.

Proposal for classifying the acute emetogenicity of cancer chemotherapy.

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Hesketh ◽  
M G Kris ◽  
S M Grunberg ◽  
T Beck ◽  
J D Hainsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Chemotherapy ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Antiemetic Prophylaxis ◽  
Antiemetic Guidelines ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Chemotherapy Agents ◽  
Level 2

PURPOSE To propose a classification of the acute emetogenicity of antineoplastic chemotherapy agents, and to develop an algorithm to define the emetogenicity of combination chemotherapy regimens. METHODS A Medline search was conducted to identify (1) clinical trials that used chemotherapy as single-agent therapy, and (2) major reviews of antiemetic therapy. The search was limited to patients who received commonly used doses of chemotherapy agents, primarily by short (< 3 hours) intravenous infusions. Based on review of this information and our collective clinical experience, we assigned chemotherapy agents to one of five emetogenic levels by consensus. A preliminary algorithm to determine the emetogenicity of combination chemotherapy regimens was then designed by consensus. A final algorithm was developed after we analyzed a data base composed of patients treated on the placebo arms of four randomized antiemetic trials. RESULTS Chemotherapy agents were divided into five levels: level 1 (< 10% of patients experience acute [< or = 24 hours after chemotherapy] emesis without antiemetic prophylaxis); level 2 (10% to 30%); level 3 (30% to 60%); level 4 (60% to 90%); and level 5 (> 90%). For combinations, the emetogenic level was determined by identifying the most emetogenic agent in the combination and then assessing the relative contribution of the other agents. The following rules apply: (1) level 1 agents do not contribute to the emetogenic level of a combination; (2) adding > or = one level 2 agent increases the emetogenicity of the combination by one level greater than the most emetogenic agent in the combination; and (3) adding level 3 or 4 agents increases the emetogenicity of the combination by one level per agent. CONCLUSION The proposed classification schema provides a practical means to determine the emetogenic potential of individual chemotherapy agents and combination regimens during the 24 hours after administration. This system can serve as a framework for the development of antiemetic guidelines.

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