An analysis of embryo development in palm: interactions between dry matter accumulation and water relations in Pritchardia remota (Arecaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector E. Pérez ◽  
Lisa M. Hill ◽  
Christina Walters
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Embryo Cells

AbstractAssessments of seed storage physiology among Arecaceae (palm) species are often inconclusive because seeds exhibit diverse responses to low temperature and moisture conditions. Interrelationships between dry matter accumulation, cell structure and water relations during seed development of the endangered Hawaiian endemic palm, Pritchardia remota, suggest that damage from drying results from mechanical strain. Endosperm and fruits accumulate dry mass through most of the 400 d gestation period, but embryos reached maximum dry mass about 250 d post-anthesis (DPA). Mostly sucrose and some triacylglycerols accumulated in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of embryo cells, and organelles in mature embryo cells de-differentiated. Water content and water potential decreased as embryos matured and embryos contained about 0.45 g H2O (g dry mass)− 1 ( − 26 MPa) at shedding. Mature embryos survived drying to 0.16 g g− 1 ( − 49 MPa), but further drying was lethal. A model of allowable cell shrinkage is consistent with the substantial, but incomplete, desiccation tolerance acquired in P. remota embryos, and provides a new framework to explain variation in critical water contents as embryos develop. We suggest that desiccation tolerance, which distinguishes recalcitrant and orthodox physiologies among seeds, can be quantified by mechanical strain when embryo cells shrink during drying.

scholarly journals Boron nutrition and yield of alfalfa cultivar crioula in relation to boron supply

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anacleto Ranulfo dos Santos ◽  
Waldssimiler Teixeira de Mattos ◽  
Ana Aparecida da Silva Almeida ◽  
Francisco Antonio Monteiro ◽  
Beatriz Dias Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
South Brazil

Alfalfa cultivar Crioula (Medicago sativa cv. Crioula) is grown in South Brazil and only a few studies on the plants' boron requirement are available. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with alfalfa to measure boron acquisition, production and distribution in the plant; data on critical level and production potentials were recorded. Plants were grown in ground quartz added with 1 L of solution, with the following boron rates: 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg L-1. Plants were harvested at 46 days of growth. Forage dry mass was increased by boron supply and dry matter accumulation was considerably low in control. Boron concentration in the leaves was higher than in the stems or roots. Boron utilization from the external solution reached 90% at 0.0625 mg L-1 and sharply decreased with further increasing boron rates. Boron concentration and content in the leaves and in plant tops were at maximum when applied boron was between 1.5 and 1.6 mg L-1. Critical levels of boron in plant were 61 mg kg-1 in the leaves and 39 mg kg-1 in plant tops for this cultivar of alfalfa.

Seed behaviour in Phoenix reclinata Jacquin, the wild date palm

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundula T. von Fintel ◽  
Patricia Berjak ◽  
N.W. Pammenter
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Embryo Cells ◽  
Orthodox Seeds ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Many

Despite the importance of the palm family, Arecaceae, little has been systematically documented about the seed behaviour of the many species. The post-harvest seed behaviour of Phoenix reclinata, the highly utilized wild date palm species distributed along the eastern seaboard of Africa, is investigated in the present study. While both embryo and endosperm water concentration declined as the seeds of Phoenix reclinata matured, they remained relatively high: this is a characteristic of (but not confined to) non-orthodox seeds. The ultrastructure of embryo cells, and the finding that negligible water uptake was required for the initiation of germination, were in keeping with the possible non-orthodox nature of the seeds. A developmental study revealed that between the acquisition of full germinability and complete pre-shedding maturity, germination performance appeared to be constrained, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor. Pre-treatment by soaking, mechanical or acid scarification had no significant promotory effect on either rate or totality of germination of mature P. reclinata seeds, while use of water transiently at 100°C was highly deleterious. However, germination of partially dehydrated seeds was initiated sooner if they had been soaked or scarified. Mature P. reclinata seeds tolerated dehydration to a mean embryo water concentration of 0.40 g g–1 (dry mass basis; dmb), but at 0.14 g g–1, both rate and totality of germination were adversely affected. However, viability of seeds dehydrated to the mean embryo water concentration 0.40 g g–1 declined during storage for 16 weeks. It is concluded that P. reclinata seeds are non-orthodox, and are best categorized as showing intermediate post-harvest behaviour.

scholarly journals ACÚMULO DE MASSA SECA E MACRONUTRIENTES PELO SORGO SACARINO EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE ADUBAÇÃO NPK

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
FLAVIA CRISTINA DOS SANTOS ◽  
LEANDRO FLÁVIO CARNEIRO ◽  
MANOEL RICARDO DE ALBUQUERQUE FILHO ◽  
MÔNICA MATOSO CAMPANHA ◽  
MARIA LÚCIA FERREIRA SIMEONE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Npk Fertilization

RESUMO – Com o objetivo de determinar o acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes ao longo do ciclo do sorgosacarino BRS 506, em diferentes níveis de adubação NPK, foram instalados experimentos por dois anos, em Latossolo,sob irrigação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentosforam de quatro níveis tecnológicos, relacionados à adubação N-P2O5-K2O, em kg ha-1: muito baixo (NPK = 0-0-0);baixo (NPK = 80-50-80); médio (NPK = 160-100-160) e alto (NPK = 240-150-240). Avaliaram-se o acúmulo demassa seca e macronutrientes aos 30, 50, 70, 90 e 110 dias após plantio (DAP). No geral, foram ajustados modelospolinomiais de segundo grau. O acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes apresentou taxa inicial baixa, até cerca de30 DAP, e a partir daí aumentou consideravelmente, até próximo à maturação, para então se estabilizar e decrescer.No geral, o acúmulo de massa seca foi maior no nível tecnológico alto e o acúmulo de nutrientes não diferiu entre osníveis médio e alto, sendo menor para os níveis baixo e muito baixo. Recomendam-se 160-100-160 kg ha-1 de N-P2O5-K2O para produtividade satisfatória do sorgo sacarino e manutenção da fertilidade do solo, além de outras práticas quefavoreçam a ciclagem de nutrientes.Palavras-chave: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, nutrição, fertilização, absorção de nutrientes.DRY MASS AND MACRONUTRIENTS ACCUMULATION OF SWEET SORGHUMIN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NPK FERTILIZATIONABSTRACT – In order to determine the dry mass and macronutrients accumulation along the sweet sorghum BRS 506cycle, at different levels of NPK fertilization, experiments were carried out for two years in Oxisol, under irrigation.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The treatments comprised fourlevels of soil fertility, related to N-P2O5K2O fertilization, in kg ha-1: very low (NPK = 0-0-0); low (NPK = 80-50-80);medium (NPK = 160-100-160) and high (NPK = 240-150-240). Dry matter accumulation and macronutrients wereevaluated at 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 days after planting (DAP). In general, polynomial models of the second degree wereadjusted. Dry matter and macronutrient accumulation presented a low initial rate, until 30 DAP, from there it increasedconsiderably until near the maturation, then stabilizing and decreasing. In general, dry mass accumulation was higherat high technological level and nutrient accumulation did not differ between medium and high levels, being lower forlow and very low levels. It is recommended to apply 160-100-160 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O for a satisfactory productivityof sorghum and maintenance of soil fertility, in addition to other practices favoring the nutrients cycling.Keywords: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, nutrition, fertilization, nutrient uptake.

scholarly journals Water Relations, Growth, and Dry Matter Accumulation of Sorghum Under Post‐Rainy Season Conditions 1

1979 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. K. Sivakumar ◽  
N. Seetharama ◽  
Sardar Singh ◽  
F. R. Bidinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

scholarly journals CONSÓRCIO MILHO-BRAQUIÁRIA COM DENSIDADES POPULACIONAIS DA FORRAGEIRA NO CENTRO-SUL DO BRASIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
GESSI CECCON ◽  
JUSLEI FIGUEIREDO DA SILVA ◽  
PRISCILA AKEMI MAKINO ◽  
ANTÔNIO LUIZ NETO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

RESUMO - O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade de grãos e de massa de milho, solteiro e consorciado com populações de plantas de duas espécies de Brachiaria para formação de palha ou pasto. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas principais foram constituídas pelas espécies de Brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis) e as subparcelas, pelas populações de Brachiaria (0, 5, 10, 20 e 40 plantas m-²), em linhas espaçadas de 0,45 m. Os tratamentos consorciados apresentam maior acúmulo de massa seca total do que o milho em cultivo solteiro. O máximo rendimento total de massa seca foi observado entre 10 e 12 plantas m-2 de B. ruziziensis, mas com maiores populações de plantas de B. brizantha. A produtividade de grãos teve redução linear de 13,39 kg ha-1 por planta m-2 de B. brizantha e redução quadrática média de 42,04 kg ha-1 por planta m-2 de B. ruziziensis.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, Urochloa, cultivo consorciado, plantio direto.INTERCROPING MAIZE-BRACHIARIA WITH FORAGE  PLANT POPULATION IN THE MID-SOUTH OF BRAZILABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain and dry matter yield of maize, sole and intercropped with four plant populations of two Brachiaria species. We used the experimental design of randomized blocks, with split plots and four replications. The main plots consisted of the Brachiaria species [Brachiaria (sin. Urochloa) brizantha cv. Marandu and Brachiaria ruziziensis] and subplots consisted of the Brachiaria populations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 plants m-²), in same lines spaced 0.45 m. The intercrop treatments have higher total dry matter accumulation than maize monocrop. The maximum total yield dry mass was observed between 10 and 12 plants m-2 B. ruziziensis, but with a large population of plants B. brizantha. The grain yield had linear reduction of 13.39 kg ha-1 per plant m-2 B. brizantha and average quadratic reduction of 42.04 kg ha-1 per plant m-2 of B. ruziziensis.Keywords: Zea mays, Urochloa, intercrop, cropping systems, no tillage.

scholarly journals Dry matter accumulation in genotypes of bean submitted to different levels of nitrogen

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-992
Author(s):  
Juliano Ribeiro Araújo ◽  
Magno Antonio Patto Ramalho ◽  
Adriano Teodoro Bruzi ◽  
Ângela de Fátima Barbosa Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
N Source ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Levels

The objective of this study was to verify the response of dry matter accumulation in bean lines (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different levels of nitrogen fertilizers. Six genotypes ('BRSMG Majestoso', 'Pérola', MA-I-18.13, 'Ouro Negro', 'BRSMG Talismã', and MA-I-2.5) were evaluated in Lavras, testing three N levels (0, 60, and 120 kg/ha) and using ammonium sulphate as N source. The experimental design adopted was the randomized block design in a 6 x 3 factorial structure with three replications and the plots were composed of five 5-m rows. The seeds were sown in November 2005 and July 2006. Total dry mass of five competitive plants was evaluated after 35 days from sowing, harvested from a pre-determined place in the useful area of the plots. This process was repeated every ten days until the harvest. The grain yield was also evaluated in one of the rows of the useful area of the plots. It was observed that regarding the dry mass accumulation, the genotypes did not present different responses at the N levels and the average increase per kg/ha applied N was 6.75 kg/ha grains. The genotype BRSMG Majestoso is the most responsive, with 14.4 kg/ha grains per kg applied N whereas the most tolerant is the MA-I-2.5 with1.8 kg/ha grains per kg N.

The effect of drought on plant water use efficiency of nine NAD - ME and nine NADP - ME Australian C4 grasses

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
C4 Grasses ◽  
Use Efficiency

We investigated the response to drought of nine NAD–malic enzyme (NAD–ME) and nine NADP–malic enzyme (NADP–ME) C4 grasses. Species were grown from seeds in potted soil in a glasshouse. Seedlings were either watered regularly or exposed to two successive drying cycles of 8–10 d each, after which plants were harvested. Under well-watered conditions, average water use efficiency (WUE; dry mass gain per unit water transpired) was similar for NAD–ME and NADP–ME C4 grasses, and ranged between 6.0 and 8.7 g dry mass kg–1 H2O. Drought enhanced WUE of most species, but to a significantly greater extent in NAD–ME (1.20-fold) than NADP–ME (1.11-fold) grasses. Inhibition of dry matter accumulation (average of 12%) and shoot elongation under drought was similar among the C4 grasses. Leaf dry matter carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope compositions were significantly different between the two C4 subtypes. Leaf δ13C averaged –13.3 and –12.2, and leaf δ18O averaged 26.0 and 26.9 in well-watered NAD–ME and NADP–ME grasses, respectively. Drought significantly reduced leaf δ13C in most C4 grasses by an average 0.5. Leaf δ18O was not significantly affected by drought, indicating that leaf δ18O does not reflect drought-induced changes in leaf transpiration of C4 grasses. In the experiment reported here, NAD–ME grasses increased their WUE under drought to a greater extent than their NADP–ME counterparts. Increased WUE of the C4 grasses under drought was primarily related to control of water loss relative to carbon gain at the leaf, rather than the plant, level.

scholarly journals Weed Interference on Growth and Leaf Nutrient Accumulation in Two Cassava Varieties

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Gustavo Moratelli ◽  
Silvio Douglas Ferreira ◽  
Hiago Canavessi ◽  
Emerson Fey ◽  
Marcos Antonio Sedrez Rangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Cassava Varieties

The development of cassava varieties with more efficient nutrient absorption can prevent losses caused by weed competition. The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter accumulation and leaf nutrient content in traditional and improved cassava varieties, with and without coexistence with weeds throughout the cycle. A randomized complete block design was used in a 2 x 2 x 11 factorial scheme with four replications. The first factor consisted of two varieties (Baianinha and Clone 56-03); the second factor was composed of the conditions with and without coexistence with weeds, and the third factor was 11 harvest periods. Coexistence with weeds reduced leaf contents of N (20.8% and 24.8%), P (26.7% and 4.6%) and K (27.1% and 12.6%) for 'Baianinha' and 'Clone 56-03', respectively. For coexistence with 'Baianinha', the period up to the maximum daily nutrient accumulation rate (N, P and K) ranged from 82 to 99 days after planting (DAP), while for 'Clone 56-03', coexistence in this period ranged from 80 to 88 DAP. The plants from the variety 'Clone 56-03' presented higher total dry mass and root dry mass accumulation, as well as higher leaf contents of N, P and K than the traditional cassava variety 'Baianinha', especially when in coexistence with weeds during the whole cycle.

scholarly journals Leaf Mass Partitioning as a Determinant of Dry Matter Accumulation in Zantedeschia

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Funnell ◽  
Errol W. Hewett ◽  
Ian J. Warrington ◽  
Julie A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Dry matter accumulation and partitioning in plants of Zantedeschia Spreng. `Best Gold' aff. Z. pentlandii (Wats.) Wittm. (syn. Richardia pentlandii Wats.) were quantified under a range of temperature and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) regimes using plant growth analysis. The relative rate of dry matter accumulation [relative growth rate (RGRM), g·g-1·d-1] was highly correlated with the partitioning of the daily increment of dry matter into leaf tissue [leaf matter partitioning (LMP), g·d-1 per g·d-1]. In contrast, a poor correlation existed between RGRM and net assimilation rate (NAR, g·m-2·d-1). Maximum values of RGRM increased linearly with increasing temperature (from 13 to 28 °C), with a base temperature of 2.1 ± 2.7 °C. The optimum temperature for growth was PPF dependent with maximum total plant dry mass occurring under high PPF (694 μmol·m-2·s-1) at 25 °C. However, as the plant responded to PPF by altering LMP, final total plant dry mass was actually greater under the low PPF regime (348 μmol·m-2·s-1) at temperatures <22 °C. The optimum temperature for dry matter accumulation was close to the average daily air temperature during the growing season for the natural habitat of the parent species. Similarly, the greater dry matter accumulation under the combination of either low PPF and cooler temperatures or high PPF and warmer temperatures was paralleled by the diversity of PPF habitats in the natural open grassland and forest margin the parent species occupies. It is therefore suggested that Zantedeschia `Best Gold' is well adapted to optimize growth under these environmental conditions.

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