scholarly journals CONSÓRCIO MILHO-BRAQUIÁRIA COM DENSIDADES POPULACIONAIS DA FORRAGEIRA NO CENTRO-SUL DO BRASIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
GESSI CECCON ◽  
JUSLEI FIGUEIREDO DA SILVA ◽  
PRISCILA AKEMI MAKINO ◽  
ANTÔNIO LUIZ NETO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

RESUMO - O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade de grãos e de massa de milho, solteiro e consorciado com populações de plantas de duas espécies de Brachiaria para formação de palha ou pasto. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas principais foram constituídas pelas espécies de Brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis) e as subparcelas, pelas populações de Brachiaria (0, 5, 10, 20 e 40 plantas m-²), em linhas espaçadas de 0,45 m. Os tratamentos consorciados apresentam maior acúmulo de massa seca total do que o milho em cultivo solteiro. O máximo rendimento total de massa seca foi observado entre 10 e 12 plantas m-2 de B. ruziziensis, mas com maiores populações de plantas de B. brizantha. A produtividade de grãos teve redução linear de 13,39 kg ha-1 por planta m-2 de B. brizantha e redução quadrática média de 42,04 kg ha-1 por planta m-2 de B. ruziziensis.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, Urochloa, cultivo consorciado, plantio direto.INTERCROPING MAIZE-BRACHIARIA WITH FORAGE  PLANT POPULATION IN THE MID-SOUTH OF BRAZILABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain and dry matter yield of maize, sole and intercropped with four plant populations of two Brachiaria species. We used the experimental design of randomized blocks, with split plots and four replications. The main plots consisted of the Brachiaria species [Brachiaria (sin. Urochloa) brizantha cv. Marandu and Brachiaria ruziziensis] and subplots consisted of the Brachiaria populations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 plants m-²), in same lines spaced 0.45 m. The intercrop treatments have higher total dry matter accumulation than maize monocrop. The maximum total yield dry mass was observed between 10 and 12 plants m-2 B. ruziziensis, but with a large population of plants B. brizantha. The grain yield had linear reduction of 13.39 kg ha-1 per plant m-2 B. brizantha and average quadratic reduction of 42.04 kg ha-1 per plant m-2 of B. ruziziensis.Keywords: Zea mays, Urochloa, intercrop, cropping systems, no tillage.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

scholarly journals Boron nutrition and yield of alfalfa cultivar crioula in relation to boron supply

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anacleto Ranulfo dos Santos ◽  
Waldssimiler Teixeira de Mattos ◽  
Ana Aparecida da Silva Almeida ◽  
Francisco Antonio Monteiro ◽  
Beatriz Dias Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
South Brazil

Alfalfa cultivar Crioula (Medicago sativa cv. Crioula) is grown in South Brazil and only a few studies on the plants' boron requirement are available. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with alfalfa to measure boron acquisition, production and distribution in the plant; data on critical level and production potentials were recorded. Plants were grown in ground quartz added with 1 L of solution, with the following boron rates: 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg L-1. Plants were harvested at 46 days of growth. Forage dry mass was increased by boron supply and dry matter accumulation was considerably low in control. Boron concentration in the leaves was higher than in the stems or roots. Boron utilization from the external solution reached 90% at 0.0625 mg L-1 and sharply decreased with further increasing boron rates. Boron concentration and content in the leaves and in plant tops were at maximum when applied boron was between 1.5 and 1.6 mg L-1. Critical levels of boron in plant were 61 mg kg-1 in the leaves and 39 mg kg-1 in plant tops for this cultivar of alfalfa.

Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: III. Competition in maize and its practical implications for forage maize production

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Early Stages

SUMMARYCompetition among maize plants in the vegetative stage of growth was postponed by application of nitrogen to the seed bed and by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity. The amount of available nitrogen was a critical factor in determining the effect of the competitive balance between nitrogen and light on maize yield. The supply of either affected the capacity of the crop to utilize the other, but ultimately light became the dominant factor.Soil moisture deficits of up to 1.0 in from field capacity, in the early stages of vegetative growth, did not reduce dry-matter accumulation and uptake of nitrogen, but in the absence of weed competition and post-planting cultivation soil moisture losses in the early stages of crop growth may be small.In 1966, maize responded quicker to surface applied than to deep-placed nitrogen and utilized the surface applied nitrogen for dry-matter accumulation more effectively.Provided that there was initially an adequate supply of nitrogen in the seed bed, there appeared to be no advantage to total yield from application of nitrogen top dressings to maize. In the West Midlands, under conditions of adequate nutrient and soil moisture supply, the optimum plant population for commercial production of forage maize was about 40000 per acre.

scholarly journals Produtividade e valor nutritivo de gramíneas tropicais em monocultivo e em consórcio com milho na segunda safra

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2517
Author(s):  
Armindo Neivo Kichel ◽  
Luis Carlos Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Roberto Giolo de Almeida ◽  
José Alexandre Agiova da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This study aimed to assess productivity and nutritional value of the tropical grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã, Xaraés, and Marandu, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, and B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy in the interseason of an integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system since alternatives are needed for forage production for animal grazing in Autumn and Winter. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split-split plot scheme with four replications. The treatments of plots consisted of five grasses, subplots consisted of three cropping systems (monoculture, intercropping with corn and unsuppressed grass, and intercropped with corn and suppressed grass), and sub-subplots consisted of four cutting intervals of grasses (50, 90, 125, and 195 days after emergence - DAE). The experiment was carried out from February to September 2014. Dry matter (DM) productivity, obtained at 195 DAE for the three cropping systems (monoculture grass, unsuppressed and suppressed grass in intercropping), were 18.45, 7.15, and 3.05 t ha?1, respectively, and average crude protein contents of leaf blades of grasses decreased linearly between the cutting intervals of 50 to 195 DAE from 19.95 to 9.70%, respectively. Under integrated systems, the studied grasses showed better yields and nutritional quality when compared to traditional grazing systems. Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and Piatã had the highest leaf and crude protein yields when compared to Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. In terms of nutritional value, Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy was superior to Mombaça and Xaraés grasses but had lower total dry matter yield. Finally, Xaraés, Piatã and Mombaça grasses are recommended choices ICL systems when fodder grass production is the goal.

An analysis of embryo development in palm: interactions between dry matter accumulation and water relations in Pritchardia remota (Arecaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector E. Pérez ◽  
Lisa M. Hill ◽  
Christina Walters
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Embryo Cells

AbstractAssessments of seed storage physiology among Arecaceae (palm) species are often inconclusive because seeds exhibit diverse responses to low temperature and moisture conditions. Interrelationships between dry matter accumulation, cell structure and water relations during seed development of the endangered Hawaiian endemic palm, Pritchardia remota, suggest that damage from drying results from mechanical strain. Endosperm and fruits accumulate dry mass through most of the 400 d gestation period, but embryos reached maximum dry mass about 250 d post-anthesis (DPA). Mostly sucrose and some triacylglycerols accumulated in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of embryo cells, and organelles in mature embryo cells de-differentiated. Water content and water potential decreased as embryos matured and embryos contained about 0.45 g H2O (g dry mass)− 1 ( − 26 MPa) at shedding. Mature embryos survived drying to 0.16 g g− 1 ( − 49 MPa), but further drying was lethal. A model of allowable cell shrinkage is consistent with the substantial, but incomplete, desiccation tolerance acquired in P. remota embryos, and provides a new framework to explain variation in critical water contents as embryos develop. We suggest that desiccation tolerance, which distinguishes recalcitrant and orthodox physiologies among seeds, can be quantified by mechanical strain when embryo cells shrink during drying.

scholarly journals Weed infestations in soybean grown in succession to cropping systems with sorghum and cover plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joilson Sodré Filho ◽  
Ricardo Carmona ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Arminda Moreira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of sorghum and cover plant cropping systems before soybean cultivation on the occurrence of weeds during soybean growing in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The treatments comprised six cropping systems before soybean: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), and Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) as cover plants, alone or intercropped, in addition to fallowing. Weeds were evaluated as to: density, dry matter mass, diversity, importance value, and similarity. The greatest similarity of weeds ocurred in single crops of sorghum, palisade grass, and Congo grass, in comparison with their intercroppings. Congo grass before soybean promoted a greater reduction in weed diversity overtime, when compared with palisade grass. The absence of cover crops before soybean cultivation increased weed infestation during the soybean cycle. The cropping systems with sorghum intercropped with cover crops before the soybean cultivation affect the diversity and the importance value of weed species.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TIME OF GLYPHOSATE APPLICATION IN THE CONTROL OF BRACHIARIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Hugo Marcus Fialho e Moraes ◽  
Wendel Magno de Souza ◽  
Rodrigo Magalhães Faria ◽  
Lino Roberto Ferreira ◽  
Christiano da Conceição de Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Control Efficiency ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

The no-tillage system is considered an important tool for sustainable production. In this system, the burndown of brachiaria is usually performed with the application of systemic herbicides, such as glyphosate. As a result of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity and winds), the timing of spraying can directly interfere in the control efficiency. Therefore, the objective was to study different times of application of glyphosate in the control efficiency of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. The glyphosate was applied in the morning, afternoon and evening, at doses of 0; 360; 720; 1080; 1440 and 2160 g a.e. ha-1. To analyse the efficiency of U. brizantha burndown, the phytotoxicity was evaluated at 21 days after application. At 42 after application a mowing was done and 90 days after mowing, the dry matter accumulation and the Leaf Area Index of regrowth were determined. The best control results of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu were obtained in the applications of glyphosate during the morning and afternoon. Evening applications of glyphosate should be avoided.

scholarly journals ACÚMULO DE MASSA SECA E MACRONUTRIENTES PELO SORGO SACARINO EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE ADUBAÇÃO NPK

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
FLAVIA CRISTINA DOS SANTOS ◽  
LEANDRO FLÁVIO CARNEIRO ◽  
MANOEL RICARDO DE ALBUQUERQUE FILHO ◽  
MÔNICA MATOSO CAMPANHA ◽  
MARIA LÚCIA FERREIRA SIMEONE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Npk Fertilization

RESUMO – Com o objetivo de determinar o acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes ao longo do ciclo do sorgosacarino BRS 506, em diferentes níveis de adubação NPK, foram instalados experimentos por dois anos, em Latossolo,sob irrigação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentosforam de quatro níveis tecnológicos, relacionados à adubação N-P2O5-K2O, em kg ha-1: muito baixo (NPK = 0-0-0);baixo (NPK = 80-50-80); médio (NPK = 160-100-160) e alto (NPK = 240-150-240). Avaliaram-se o acúmulo demassa seca e macronutrientes aos 30, 50, 70, 90 e 110 dias após plantio (DAP). No geral, foram ajustados modelospolinomiais de segundo grau. O acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes apresentou taxa inicial baixa, até cerca de30 DAP, e a partir daí aumentou consideravelmente, até próximo à maturação, para então se estabilizar e decrescer.No geral, o acúmulo de massa seca foi maior no nível tecnológico alto e o acúmulo de nutrientes não diferiu entre osníveis médio e alto, sendo menor para os níveis baixo e muito baixo. Recomendam-se 160-100-160 kg ha-1 de N-P2O5-K2O para produtividade satisfatória do sorgo sacarino e manutenção da fertilidade do solo, além de outras práticas quefavoreçam a ciclagem de nutrientes.Palavras-chave: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, nutrição, fertilização, absorção de nutrientes.DRY MASS AND MACRONUTRIENTS ACCUMULATION OF SWEET SORGHUMIN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NPK FERTILIZATIONABSTRACT – In order to determine the dry mass and macronutrients accumulation along the sweet sorghum BRS 506cycle, at different levels of NPK fertilization, experiments were carried out for two years in Oxisol, under irrigation.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The treatments comprised fourlevels of soil fertility, related to N-P2O5K2O fertilization, in kg ha-1: very low (NPK = 0-0-0); low (NPK = 80-50-80);medium (NPK = 160-100-160) and high (NPK = 240-150-240). Dry matter accumulation and macronutrients wereevaluated at 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 days after planting (DAP). In general, polynomial models of the second degree wereadjusted. Dry matter and macronutrient accumulation presented a low initial rate, until 30 DAP, from there it increasedconsiderably until near the maturation, then stabilizing and decreasing. In general, dry mass accumulation was higherat high technological level and nutrient accumulation did not differ between medium and high levels, being lower forlow and very low levels. It is recommended to apply 160-100-160 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O for a satisfactory productivityof sorghum and maintenance of soil fertility, in addition to other practices favoring the nutrients cycling.Keywords: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, nutrition, fertilization, nutrient uptake.

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