Morphologic analysis of sperm from two neotropical primate species: comparisons between the squirrel monkeys Saimiri collinsi and Saimiri vanzolinii

Zygote ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wlaisa V. Sampaio ◽  
Karol G. Oliveira ◽  
Danuza L. Leão ◽  
Maria C. Caldas-Bussiere ◽  
Helder L. Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Sperm Morphometry ◽  
Species Specific

SummarySperm morphometry can be applied to identify different animal groups and species and to evaluate sperm quality. Furthermore, knowledge on species-specific differences will help to enhance biological information, as well as to develop efficient reproductive technologies. The aims in the present study were to describe sperm morphometry from the recently characterized species S. collinsi and S. vanzolinii, to verify if the morphometric sperm patterns are similar or different between both species, and to determine if the sperm morphometry is affected by the levels of sperm defects using the S. collinsi as a model. Semen was collected from S. collinsi (n = 10) and S. vanzolinii (n = 2) monkeys, and sperm was submitted to morphological analysis. From the 10 samples from S. collinsi, five presented sperm of poor quality and two subgroups were formed for this species, i.e. high and poor quality sperm. Data on sperm motility and vigour were analysed, as well morphometric parameters on sperm head and tail. It was observed the normal morphometry was correlated with high quality sperm. Poor quality sperm presented smaller and 7% more ellipticity in their head, when compared with high quality sperm. Sperm from S. vanzolinii presented larger head than those from S. collinsi, but tail lengths were similar. Sperm morphometry can be used as a complementary tool to predict sperm motility and vigour for the S. collinsi species, and S. collinsi appear as a suitable model for S. vanzolinii.

scholarly journals Centrifugal force assessment in ram sperm: identifying species-specific impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Neila-Montero ◽  
Marta F. Riesco ◽  
Mercedes Alvarez ◽  
Rafael Montes-Garrido ◽  
Juan Carlos Boixo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Ram Sperm

Abstract Background Centrifugation is routinely employed in handling the ejaculates of some species, but it is not part of the commonly used protocols in ram. However, the development and implementation of new assisted reproductive technologies, alternative preservation models based on washing sperm from a cellular ageing-accelerating substance such as the seminal plasma, and basic studies in spermatology is associated with the use of centrifugation. This requires a specific evaluation of the centrifugation protocols considering the species-specific relationship with the potential damage produced by this procedure. No previous studies have determined the effect of different centrifugation forces on ram sperm. Therefore, we aimed to assess the performance of three centrifugal forces (600×g, 3000×g, and 6000×g for 10 min at room temperature) and their effects on ram sperm motility and functionality. Results Sperm motility and functionality parameters were assessed at 0 h and after 2 h of incubation at 37 °C. As expected, a higher cell packaging degree was obtained at high centrifugation forces (P ≤ 0.0001). Cell packaging was unstable at all centrifugal forces. Thus, there was a high cell resuspension rate after less than 2 min. Regarding sperm quality, there was a change in movement pattern of 3000×g and 6000×g centrifuged sperm after 2 h of incubation at 37 °C, characterized by an increase in rapid progressive motility, linearity, straightness, and beat frequency, and a decrease in medium progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, path velocity, and head lateral amplitude. Non-significant differences were obtained among the different treatments concerning the total viability. However, we observed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the percentage of viable apoptotic sperm in the samples centrifuged at 6000×g at 0 h. Conclusions Centrifugal forces equal to or greater than 3000×g induced some deleterious effects in ram sperm quality, and lower forces did not provide a successful cell packaging degree.

154 A method of oviductal semen deposition for use in the goat

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
N. Buzzell ◽  
S. Blash ◽  
K. Miner ◽  
M. Schofield ◽  
J. Pollock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Implant Removal ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Midline Laparotomy ◽  
Post Surgery

The objective of this study was to investigate a method of oviducal semen deposition as a strategy for producing offspring from poor-quality cryopreserved goat sperm. Invitro fertilisation (IVF) and AI are common assisted reproductive technologies used in small ruminants, but they have varied results in the goat. The use of poor-quality cryopreserved-thawed sperm (<50% live/dead ratio at post-thaw) can decrease the rate of success. These procedures were performed in the month of November in Central Massachusetts in the United States (42° N). Seven 10-year-old dairy goats (Saanen, Toggenburg, and Alpine breeds) were synchronised and superovulated using a progesterone implant on Day 0, a prostaglandin injection at Day 7, two daily injections of 36mg of FSH ~12h apart on Days 12-15, and progesterone implant removal on Day 14 followed by an injection of 50µg of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Sperm deposition was performed on Day 17 (72 h after implant removal). The animals were anaesthetised using a standardised protocol, intubated, and maintained using isoflurane, and sterile prep was performed before a midline laparotomy procedure. Straws from a single ejaculate from a transgenic founder that was cryopreserved using a commercial two-step glycerol-egg yolk-based extender were used. A straw from this collection was post-thawed 30 days after collection and, using a commercial live/dead stain, 67% live sperm was determined. The optimal type of sperm prep and sperm concentration is unknown and may be dependent on sperm quality. Therefore, different gradient preps using Vitrolife SpermGrad at three volumes (1.5 (used on two animals), 1.0, and 0.5mL) as well as two volumes of IVF Bioscience Bovine BO-SemenPrep (4.0mL (used on two animals) and 2.0mL) were used. All five pellets were diluted in 1.0mL of IVF Bioscience Bovine BO-IVF media. Sperm concentrations ranging from 75×106 to 27×106 spermmL−1 were deposited into one oviduct; then, a 10:1 dilution was performed and 7.5×106 to 2.7×10 spermmL−1 were deposited into the contralateral oviduct. The depositions were performed just proximal to the uterotubal junction in a volume of 0.1mL of diluent via a tuberculin syringe attached to a 20-gauge needle. Two days following the procedure, oviducts were flushed postmortem from three of the seven randomly selected goats. All three had fertilised embryos, and nineteen 8-cell embryos were retrieved. Three of these embryos were surgically transferred to the distal uterine horn of a suitable recipient. The recipient became pregnant and produced a single offspring. The remaining four of seven goats were killed 41 days post-surgery. Two of the four goats were pregnant, with one carrying one fetus and the other carrying five fetuses. Further studies are needed to optimise this method, but these initial results indicate that oviducal semen deposition directly into the oviduct proximal to the uterotubal junction may be a suitable alternative for producing offspring from suboptimal cryopreserved-thawed goat sperm.

scholarly journals From One Ejaculate to Another: Transference of Sperm Traits via Seminal Plasma Supplementation in the Ram

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Christine Green ◽  
Jessica P. Rickard ◽  
Simon P. de Graaf ◽  
Angela J. Crean
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sperm Traits

Males can adjust sperm motility instantaneously in response to the perceived risk of sperm competition. The speed of this response suggests that sperm motility is regulated by changes in seminal plasma rather than changes in the sperm cells themselves. Hence, here we test whether inter-ejaculate variation in seminal plasma can be used to alter sperm quality prior to use in assisted reproductive technologies. We supplemented fresh ejaculates of Merino rams with seminal plasma collected from previous ‘donor’ ejaculates to test whether changes in sperm kinetics were related to the relative quality of donor to focal ejaculates. We found a positive relationship between the change in sperm traits before and after supplementation, and the difference in sperm traits between the donor and focal ejaculate. Hence, sperm motility can be either increased or decreased through the addition of seminal plasma from a superior or inferior ejaculate, respectively. This positive relationship held true even when seminal plasma was added from a previous ejaculate of the same ram, although the slope of the relationship depended on the identity of both the donor and receiver ram. These findings indicate that seminal plasma plays a key role in the control and regulation of sperm kinetics, and that sperm kinetic traits can be transferred from one ejaculate to another through seminal plasma supplementation.

121 Effect of pentoxifylline on motility of good- and poor-quality frozen-thawed equine sperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
M. Felix ◽  
I. Ortiz ◽  
H. Resende ◽  
J. Brom-de-Luna ◽  
C. Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Equine semen used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is typically frozen-thawed and may be of poor quality. To prepare sperm for ICSI, semen is typically centrifuged to remove freezing extender. However, centrifugation can cause damage to sperm, which is especially meaningful if sperm quality is already poor. We evaluated a method for selection of sperm without centrifugation, using a “swim-over” technique, and assessed the effect of pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases sperm motility in other species. To mimic poor-quality semen, we thawed frozen semen (1×) and re-froze it three additional times (4×). Aliquots (0.25 µL; 50,000 sperm) of 1× or 4× semen were placed at the bottom of the right leg of an “H,” made using 15µL of medium by tracing a template placed below a Petri dish. The medium used (Hanks’ balanced salt solution with 40mg mL BSA and added lactate and pyruvate) contained different concentrations of pentoxifylline (0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4mgmL−1). One µL of medium was removed from the tip of the left arm of the H after 15 and 30min incubation, and the number of sperm were counted. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of pentoxifylline on sperm motility parameters using computer-assisted sperm motility analysis. After thawing, 1× and 4× semen was washed to remove freezing extender and resuspended in the same medium but with 7mgmL−1 bovine serum albumin (BSA), containing the different pentoxifylline concentrations. In Study 1, the number of collected sperm did not differ significantly for 1× sperm exposed to 0 to 4mgmL−1 pentoxifylline (means of 15 to 23 sperm at 15min, and 18 to 25 sperm at 30min). Similarly, in 4× frozen semen, there was no significant difference in number of collected sperm between 0mgmL−1 and 2 or 4mgmL−1 pentoxifylline concentrations (<1 to 6 at 15 min; 5 to 6 at 30min). In Study 2, at 0min,% total motility was significantly higher in 1 and 2mgmL−1 pentoxifylline than in 0mgmL−1 for 1× sperm (47.8±1.7 and 49.3±1.9, vs. 32.1±3.9, respectively; P=0.018) and significantly higher for 1, 2, and 4mgmL−1 pentoxifylline than for 0mgmL−1 for 4× sperm (3.9±0.9, 5.7±0.4, and 8.2±0.5, vs. 1.2±0.4; P=0.0001). Similar results were found at 15 and 30min for 1×, and at 15min for 4×. Pentoxifylline at 1 to 4mgmL−1 significantly increased the percentage of progressive motility in 1× sperm at 30min (17.8±1.3, 21.8±2.7, and 20.3±1.2, vs. 10.0±0.4; P=0.002) and, at 4mgmL−1, increased the percentage of progressive motility in 4× sperm at 0min (1.43±0.1 vs. 0.2±0.1; P=0.005) and 15min (1.4±0.2 vs. 0.1±0.0; P=0.0001). Exposure of poor-quality semen to pentoxifylline at 4mgmL−1 improved total and progressive motility but did not increase the recovery of motile sperm in a swim-over collection preparation.

The effect of the breeding season, cryopreservation and physiological extender on selected sperm and semen parameters of four ferret species: implications for captive breeding in the endangered black-footed ferret

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. van der Horst ◽  
R. M. Kitchin ◽  
M. van der Horst ◽  
R. W. Atherton
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Sperm Characteristics ◽  
Motion Characteristics

In the present investigation, comparative baseline information on selected sperm characteristics of ejaculate spermatozoa of the domestic (Mustela putorius furo), fitch (Mustela sp.) and black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and the Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmanni) are presented. The main emphasis was to establish differences and similarities among these species in relation to semen and sperm quality during the breeding season, in cryopreservation success and in supporting sperm motility in different extenders or physiological media. The results confirm that most sperm morphology abnormalities were evident during the beginning of the breeding cycle in all four species. No significant interspecies differences were apparent in the sperm attributes examined, for all sampling months during the breeding season. Moreover, all species exhibited comparable patterns of reproductive seasonality. Cryopreservation suppressed sperm characteristics equally in all species studied. Ejaculate spermatozoa of closely related ferret species shared many similar motion characteristics using computer-aided sperm motility analysis. These results suggest that the basic sperm physiology of the ferret species under examination is very similar. Disparate to the interspecies comparisons, there were significant differences for most sperm motion parameters when spermatozoa of any of the ferrets were compared in different extenders. Assisted reproductive technologies developed for use in domestic ferret, fitch ferret or Siberian polecat may be successfully applied to captive breeding of the black-footed ferret using semen during any of the functional breeding months.

Supplementation of sperm media with zinc, D-aspartate and co-enzyme Q10 protects bull sperm against exogenous oxidative stress and improves their ability to support embryo development

Zygote ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Barbato ◽  
Riccardo Talevi ◽  
Sabrina Braun ◽  
Anna Merolla ◽  
Sam Sudhakaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Bull Sperm

SummaryHigh levels of reactive oxygen species in the semen of infertile patients or spontaneously generated during in vitro sperm handling may impair sperm quality, fertilization and embryo developmental competence. We recently reported that zinc, d-aspartate and co-enzyme Q10, contained in the dietary supplement Genadis® (Merck Serono), have protective effects on human and bull sperm motility, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation in vitro; furthermore, in bovine, treated spermatozoa had an improved ability to support embryo development. However, only a few studies have investigated the protective role of antioxidants during in vitro sperm handling in the presence of an exogenous oxidative stress. Herein, to simulate such conditions in an animal model, we induced exogenous oxidative stress on spermatozoa through the xanthine–xanthine oxidase system and investigated its effects on sperm function and subsequent embryo developmental competence in the presence of zinc, d-Asp and CoQ10 protection. The main results showed that exogenous oxidative stress decreased sperm motility, increased sperm DNA fragmentation, and reduced fertilization and blastocyst rates and quality. Pre-treatment with zinc, d-aspartate and co-enzyme Q10 before exogenous oxidative stress was able to prevent these effects. Supplementation of sperm culture media with zinc, d-aspartate and co-enzyme Q10 could protect sperm from oxidative stress damage during in vitro handling in assisted reproductive technologies.

115 SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION IN TRAGELAPHINE ANTELOPES

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
G. Wirtu ◽  
C. E. Pope ◽  
A. Cole ◽  
R. A. Godke ◽  
D. L. Paccamonti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Epididymal Spermatozoa ◽  
Greater Kudu ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Cold Pack

As an integral aspect of our program to develop assisted reproductive technologies in tragelaphine antelopes, we have been evaluating the effects of various extenders on cryosurvival of spermatozoa. Semen was collected by electroejaculation (EEJ) from an eland (Taurotragus oryx, n = 14 EEJs) and a bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros, n = 7 EEJs) male during sedation and standing restraint in a hydraulic chute. Epididymal spermatozoa were collected from the proximal vas deferens, and distal epididymides recovered from four common eland bulls after elective castration at the Hattiesburg Zoo, Mississippi (age = 46 months) and the San Diego Wild Animal Park, California (ages = 18, 20, and 23 months). Testes from a bongo (age = 6.5 yr) and a greater kudu bull (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, age = 7.5 yr) at the Audubon Nature Institute were recovered and processed immediately postmortem. Kudu, bongo, and the Hattiesburg eland testes were transported at ambient temperature whereas the testes from San Diego elands were shipped overnight in a cold-pack container. Sperm processing was done at room temperature (RT = 23°C) in HEPES-buffered Tyrode's solution. Four extenders containing 7% glycerol were evaluated: Biladyl®, TEST Yolk buffer (TYB), Beltsville extender (BF5F), and skim milk. For freezing, sperm samples were initially extended and gradually cooled to 4°C before sequential addition of extender containing glycerol at 4°C; the procedure was then modified by addition of the glycerol fraction at RT before the sample was cooled to 4°C. Spermatozoa were vapor-frozen in 0.5 mL straws placed 5 cm above liquid nitrogen before storage at −196°C. Straws were thawed in a water bath (38°C, 30 s) to evaluate cryosurvival. All eland and bongo electroejaculation procedures produced spermatozoa, although sperm quality varied. Ejaculate volume averaged 5.4 ± 1.2 mL and 3.7 ± 1.1 mL in the bongo and the eland, respectively. Sperm motility at collection, after cooling, and after freezing in the different extenders is presented in Table 1. No immediate decline in sperm motility was observed after adding glycerol to samples, whether at 23°C or 4°C. Bongo spermatozoa lost more motility during freezing than during cooling (15.0 ± 4.4 vs. 5.8 ± 2.0%; P = 0.006); whereas, in eland, motility loss during cooling and freezing was similar (25.3 ± 16.2 vs. 21.1 ± 7.7; P = 0.44). The present results indicate that cooling and freezing tolerance of spermatozoa in tragelaphine antelopes is influenced by species, extender type, and temperature at which a cryoprotectant is added. Table 1. Cryosurvival of ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa of three antelope species in different extenders

222 SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF PORCINE SPERM MOTILITY REDUCTION BY A HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT FRACTION OF OVIDUCTAL FLUID

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
P. Coy ◽  
R. Lloyd ◽  
R. Romar ◽  
W. V. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Oviductal Fluid

The significance of sperm motility with respect to fertilization is widely recognized and used as a criterion to assess the quality of ejaculates. Observations of sperm behavior in the oviductal isthmus of several species have shown that their motility is suppressed in this physiological environment because the spermatozoa bind to the oviductal epithelial cells, forming a sperm reservoir prior to ovulation (Hunter 1981 J. Reprod. Fertil. 63, 109–117; Hunter and Wilmut 1984 Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 24, 597–608). Once the spermatozoa are released from the reservoir, they progress toward the ampullar region to reach the oocyte, and an increase in motility at this point could, potentially, be crucial. It has been demonstrated that a soluble fraction of oviductal epithelial cell apical plasma membrane proteins (sAPM) suppresses sperm motility and enhances sperm survival (Holt et al. 2005 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 683–692; Satake et al. 2006 J. Exp. Biol. 209, 1560–1572). However, few studies to date have investigated the influence of oviductal fluid (OF), the natural medium into which spermatozoa are released from the reservoir, on sperm motility. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the effects of different soluble fractions of OF on sperm motility and the species specificity of such effects. OF from pigs and cows was collected and selectively filtered to obtain two different fractions with molecular weights higher or lower than 100 kD. Diluted semen samples from 14 different boars were exposed to bicarbonate/CO2 (to stimulate maximum motility) in the presence or absence of OF fractions. Sperm trajectories were measured using a Hobson Sperm Tracker (Hobson Tracker, Ltd., Sheffield, UK) and analyzed by PATN analysis as described previously to identify subpopulations of high and low motility spermatozoa (Abaigar et al. 1999 Biol. Reprod. 60, 32–41; Satake et al. 2006). The results showed that neither of the bovine OF fractions affected the proportions of the fast linear boar sperm subpopulation in the samples, which was similar to that of the control. However, when the high molecular weight fraction of porcine OF was used, a significant suppression of the fast linear sperm subpopulation was observed (P ≤ 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that species-specific, high molecular weight components in OF are involved in the suppression of sperm motility. Further studies are required to confirm the significance of this finding, although it may not be unreasonable to speculate that the OF, in addition to other sperm selection mechanisms, acts to protect oocytes against fertilization by poor quality spermatozoa (Okada et al. 1986 J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 18, 233–247). In fact, similar results demonstrating that oviductal fluid decreases sperm motility have been obtained in cow (Grippo et al. 1995 J. Reprod. Fertil. 105, 57–64) and rabbit (Overstreet and Cooper 1979 J. Reprod. Fertil. 55, 53–59). This work was supported by MEC and FEDER (PR2006-0506 and AGL2006-03495).

scholarly journals Quantitative sperm characteristics of Tankwa goats with special reference to hyperactivated motility

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngcauzele Ngcauzele ◽  
G. Van der Horst ◽  
A. Kotze ◽  
T. Jonker ◽  
L. Maree
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Procaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Sperm Morphometry ◽  
Fertility Potential ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) is an automated and objective method of evaluating structural (e.g. morphology) and functional sperm parameters (e.g. motility and hyperactivation). Sperm hyperactivation is essential for successful fertilization and is thus an important aspect in determining the fertility potential of a male. In the current study, CASA was used for standard semen analysis and for comparison of the ability of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), BO sperm wash (10 mM caffeine), 4% lignocaine, and 5 mM procaine hydrochloride to induce hyperactivation in Tankwa goat spermatozoa. Twenty-nine ejaculates were collected from randomly selected male goats by electroejaculation. Although none of the four media affected percentage total sperm motility, lignocaine caused a significant decrease (P >0.05) in percentage progressive motility. Exposure to procaine resulted in an increase in swimming speed (P ≤0.05) and star-spin motility tracks, which are typical of sperm hyperactivation. Using PBS and procaine motility data from individually selected spermatozoa, receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed to distinguish the kinematic parameters employed as cut-off values for sperm hyperactivation. PBS and BO sperm wash did not induce hyperactivation (0.1 + 0.2% and 0.04  0.2% respectively), while lignocaine induced little hyperactivation (3.4 + 3.0%) and procaine hydrochloride had the highest percentage hyperactivation (25.3 + 13.6%). The large variation in hyperactivation (0–54.5%) may reflect inter-individual differences in sperm quality among these males. This study indicated procaine hydrochloride was the most promising hyperactivation-inducing medium for Tankwa goat spermatozoa and should be considered for similar assessments in other animal species Keywords: computer-aided sperm analysis, procaine hydrochloride, sperm kinematics, sperm morphometry, sperm motility

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