Von “hinichen” und honorablen Sprachen: Variationen, ihre Linguistiken und verbale Deixissysteme

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-250
Author(s):  
Werner Abraham
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Specific Criterion ◽  
Verbs Of Motion ◽  
Theoretical Pattern ◽  
General Abstract

ABSTRACTThis essay addresses in general lines the issue of variance within some languages and how such variances are linked systematically, i.e., on the basis of some general abstract theoretical pattern, with the standard language. Several such variances are illustrated ranging from regiolects to sociolects of German, and it is shown what the abstract pattern is that serves as the base of description of the standard as well as the sociolectal and regiolectal variances. The main body of the text is dedicated to a specific criterion of variation, namely the deictic features in the grammars of COME and GO in German, English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. To the extent that the five languages deviate considerably from one another in choosing one against the other of the two verbs of motion, an inventory of sociopragmatic conditions has been uncovered which plays the guiding role in selecting deictic alternatives and which can be considered to be of universal status. The bottom line is that there are conditions, beyond those of semantic and grammatical selection, i.e., sociopragmatic ones which systematically determine choices from some well-conditioned lexical paradigms.

Intra-individual variation in adults and children: measuring and conceptualizing individual dialect–standard repertoires

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmtraud Kaiser ◽  
Andrea Ender
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Standard Spectrum ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This paper explores intra-individual variation as a manifestation of language-internal multilingualism in the Central-Bavarian Austrian context. Based on speech data from children and adults in different contexts, we discuss different methods of measuring and analyzing inter-situational variation along the dialect and standard language spectrum. By contrasting measures of dialectality, on the one hand, and proportions of turns in dialect, standard language or intermediate/mixed forms on the other, we gain complementary insights not only into the individual dialect-standard repertoires but also into the consequences of different methodological choices. The results indicate that intra-individual variation is ubiquitous in adults and children and that individual repertoires need to be taken into account from the beginning of the language acquisition process. We suggest that while intra-individual variation can be attested through the use of various methods, the revealed level of granularity and the conclusions that can be drawn as to the individual repertoires on the dialect-standard spectrum largely depend on the measures used and their inherent assumptions and intrinsically necessary categorizations.

scholarly journals Bridging autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad M. El-Shebiny ◽  
Enas S. Zahran ◽  
Sabry A. Shoeib ◽  
Eman S. Habib
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
High Titre ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Spectrum ◽  
Autoinflammatory Diseases ◽  
Main Body ◽  
B And T Lymphocytes

Abstract Background Autoimmunity is used to cause by impairment of adaptive immunity alone, whereas autoinflammatory was originally defined as a consequence of unregulated innate immunity. So, the pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases were well-thought-out to be mediated by B and T lymphocytes. Whereas, autoinflammatory diseases were defined as unprovoked times of inflammation with the absence of a high titre of autoantibodies. Main body of the abstract Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases were split into two groups, but considering the similarities, it can be considered as only one group of diseases with a large immune pathological and clinical spectrum which involves at one end pure autoimmune diseases and the other pure autoinflammatory diseases. Conclusions We can safely conclude that there is bridging between autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Some Archaic Gold Ornaments with representations of Sphinxes and Sirens

1911 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 263-265
Author(s):  
F. H. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Rectangular Plates ◽  
Natural Size

1. In a recent description of an archaic Etruscan fibula here reproduced in natural size (Fig. 1), I regret that I failed to note certain interesting details with regard to the Sphinxes. The fibula is of pale gold, of a type peculiar to early Etruscan jewellery. It consists of two parts, each composed of four tubes ending in double female heads. In one case the outer tubes are furnished with long gold pins which fit into the hollow tubes corresponding to them in the other half of the fibula. There can be no doubt that these safety-pins were used for fastening a garment on the shoulder. The two halves were locked together by means of hooks and eyes soldered to rectangular plates hinged to the main body of the fibula. The tubes were also connected together by similar plates. The present fibula, which may be dated to the seventh century B.C., is said to have been found in the Roman Campagna. Upon the four rectangular plates already mentioned are seated sixteen Sphinxes in the round, four upon each plate. The eight Sphinxes on the outer plates are composed of the figure of a seated lion, with the head of a woman substituted for a wing.

Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-510
Author(s):  
C. Shackle
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Adequate Coverage ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
North Western ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The Indo-Iranian linguistic frontier constitutes one of the most complex and interesting language-areas of the sub-continent. Given the nature of the area, it is perhaps inevitable that scholarly attention should have been directed particularly to its remoter corners, where so much that is of historical importance has been preserved, and we certainly have every reason to be grateful for the fascination which such out of the way survivals have held for the minds of several outstanding linguists. It is, on the other hand, a matter for regret that so little has been done by comparison on the languages which flourish in less inaccessible parts of the frontier, particularly on the Indo-Aryan side. The wide distribution of such languages alone, quite apart from their intrinsic interest, demands that they too be accorded adequate coverage if the peculiarly complex language-patterns of the area are ever to be properly understood as a whole. The present article, based largely on material collected during a recent field-trip to Pakistan,1 represents an attempt to fill one such gap in contemporary coverage, by providing descriptions of the extreme north-western extensions of the main body of Indo-Aryan.

scholarly journals Social orphanhood – towards learning and understanding to bring help

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Monika Kiszka
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Parental Behaviour ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Impact

The goal of the article is to describes the impact of parental behaviour on children’s lives. The main body discusses the neglect of parental duties and the misguided attitude towards raising children exhibited by some parents. Additionally, the article describes the phenomenon of orphanhood and its connection with the problems that some parents are unable to cope with. The second part focuses on the most harmful consequences of certain negative behaviours exhibited by some parents. The final part of the article is a list of personality disorders and the other problems that children suffering from social orphanhood may experience.

Christ in Gospel and Creed

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
James Barr
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Essential Nature ◽  
Definitive Statement ◽  
Christian Century ◽  
The Church

It was not until the fifth Christian century that the Church reached at the council of Chalcedon a definitive statement of its belief concerning the nature of Jesus Christ. This decision was preceded by a long era of controversy, first that in which against the Arians it was affirmed that the Son of God is not a created being but is of the essential nature of God Himself, and secondly that in which there was hammered out the relation between this divine, uncreated nature of the Son of God on one hand and the human nature of the Man Jesus on the other. To this latter question the Chalcedonian formula gave what was for the main body of the Church the nearest approach to an adequate answer, and it reads as follows:‘One and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, inconvertibly, indivisibly, inseparably.… ’

Language’ role in enabling abstract, logical thought

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
General Abstract

Carruthers’ thesis is undermined on the one hand by examples of integration of output from domain-specific modules that are independent of language, and on the other hand by examples of linguistically represented thoughts that are unable to integrate different domain-specific knowledge into a coherent whole. I propose a more traditional role for language in thought as providing the basis for the cultural development and transmission of domain-general abstract knowledge and reasoning skills.

The Effect of Dry Needling on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Critically Appraised Topic

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
Jennifer F. Mullins ◽  
Arthur J. Nitz ◽  
Matthew C. Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Scenario ◽  
Clinical Question ◽  
Dry Needling ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Patient Reported

Clinical Scenario: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) and its associated recurrent sprains, feelings of instability, and decreased function occur in approximately 40% of individuals that suffer an ankle sprain. Despite these continued deficits, more effective treatment has yet to be established. Decreased sensorimotor function has been associated with CAI and may be amenable to dry needling treatment, thereby improving patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Focused Clinical Question: Does dry needling improve PROs in individuals with CAI? Summary of Key Findings: Two studies were identified that examined dry needling in participants with CAI. One of the two studies reported improvements in PROs (PEDro score 7/10) while the other study did not identify any changes (PEDro score 9/10). The inconsistent results were likely related to different treatment durations and follow-up timelines across the included evidence. Clinical Bottom Line: Based on the included studies, there is inconsistent evidence that dry needling can improve PROs in individuals with CAI. Strength of Recommendation: Utilizing the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) guidelines, level B evidence exists to recommend dry needling treatment to improve PROs for individuals with CAI.

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Large Virulence Plasmid inShigella Clones and EnteroinvasiveEscherichia coli

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 6303-6309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiting Lan ◽  
Brad Lumb ◽  
David Ryan ◽  
Peter R. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Transfer ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Cluster 2

ABSTRACT Three genes, ipgD, mxiC, and mxiA,all in the invasion region of the Shigella virulence plasmid, were sequenced from strains representing a range ofShigella serotypes and from two enteroinvasiveEscherichia coli (EIEC) isolates. The plasmids can be classified into two relatively homogeneous sequence forms which are quite distinct. pINV A plasmids are found in Shigella flexneri strains F6 and F6A, S. boydii strains B1, B4, B9, B10, B14, and B15, S. dysenteriae strains D3, D4, D6, D8, D9, D10, and D13, and the two EIEC strains (M519 and M520). pINV B plasmids are present in S. flexneristrains F1A, F2A, F3A, F3C, F4A, and FY, two S. boydiistrains (B11 and B12), and S. sonnei. The D1 pINV plasmid is a recombinant with ipgD gene more closely related to those of pINV A but with mxiA andmxiC genes more closely related to those of pINV B. The phylogenetic relationships of the plasmid and those of the chromosomal genes of Shigella strains are largely consistent. The cluster 1 and cluster 3 strains tested (G.M. Pupo, R. Lan, and P. R. Reeves, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10567–10572, 2000) have pINV A and pINV B plasmids, respectively. However, of the three cluster 2 strains (B9, B11, and B15), B9 and B15 have pINV A while B11 has a pINV B plasmid. Those Shigella (D8 and D10 and S. sonnei) and EIEC strains which do not group with the main body of Shigella strains based on chromosomal genes were found to have plasmids belonging to one or the other of the two types and must have acquired these by lateral transfer.

Wie wär's mit einem richtigen Mädelsabend? Plural -s within Compounds in Colloquial Northern German

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Fehringer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Linguistic Constraints ◽  
Dual Mechanism

In standard German, the non-occurrence of -s plurals as the first element of a lexical compound (e.g., *Auto-s-berg ‘heap of cars') vs. the regular occurrence of the other plural suffixes (e.g., Kind-er-club ‘children's club', Frau-en-fete 'women's party') has often been quoted as evidence for a dual mechanism model of morphology, which sees irregular forms as stored in the mental lexicon while regular forms are generated by rule (see Marcus et al. 1995). However, in colloquial northern German, where the s-plural is more widely used than in the standard language, it is possible to form productive compounds containing this suffix (e.g., Mädel-s-treff ‘girls’ meeting'). This paper investigates to what extent -s plurals are acceptable within compounds in colloquial northern German, whether they are subject to any linguistic constraints (for example, morphological or phonological), and what implications they might have for current morphological theory.*

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