The paper argues against the currently fashionable case for
“state minimalism”. It argues for a strong, activist state, though
operating on a different basis and in different areas from the many
recently failed interventionist states and many developing countries.
The paper seeks to rescue alternative perspectives, such as the
importance of the “civil society” that cuts across national boundaries.
Global participation is examined. “Market-friendly” interventions are
welcomed only if they are “people-friendly”. The role of the civil
society, the problems of the post-socialist countries and the role of
the fashionable slogans privatisation, liberalisation, deregulation and
decentralisation are analysed. These are seen to call for many
qualifications. The links between democracy, capitalism and development
are reviewed. The social capital of trust and reciprocity that is
invested in norms and networks of civic life is seen as a vital factor
of effective government and economic progress. Should economic reform
precede political reform in the countries in transition? Some lessons
can be learned for the developing countries from the countries in
transition. An analysis of the politics and the political economy of
development aid follow. Buffers between donors and recipients are
suggested, such as mutual monitoring of each other’s performance by
recipients, a council of wise men and women, or a secretariat with
genuinely global loyalties. A quiet style in aid-giving is also an
option, when potential improvers are rewarded, without the imposition of
conditionality. The paper then goes on to a presentation of various
theories of the state. A non-maximising theory is recommended. It ends
with a set of policy conclusions for governments and for aid
agencies.