scholarly journals Trade Policy and Environmental Quality: The Case of Export Subsidies

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Susan Leetmaa ◽  
Barry Krissoff ◽  
Monika Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Export Subsidy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The Impact

The United States and the European Union both employ export subsidies to stimulate wheat trade and to increase their competitiveness in world markets. The environmental consequences of these policies are being questioned. We stimulate reducing or removing export subsidies for wheat from the United States and the EU using a multicountry partial equilibrium model, and we analyze the impact of export subsidy policy reform on nitrogen fertilizer and other chemical use. Our findings indicate that the U.S. EEP program cannot be blamed for environmental degradation in terms of nitrate leaching, while EU wheat subsidies make only a small contribution to nitrate pollution.

scholarly journals Impacts of a liberalization in the USA market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice: why Florida's producers are so afraid?

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-877
Author(s):  
Paulo Sérgio Fracalanza ◽  
Adriana Nunes Ferreira ◽  
Marcos Fava Neves
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Union Section ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at examining the resource allocation and welfare implications of the reduction of barriers in the United States market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) imported from Brazil. The present paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents an overview of the main features of the market and current trade regime for orange juice, as well as the possible impacts of liberalization within FTAA and with the European Union; section 3 describes the partial equilibrium model of imperfect substitute goods used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization in the United States, on prices and quantities and on welfare; in section 4 two possible scenarios for liberalization are designed using the large country model. The last section summarizes the main conclusions.

Cyprus will try to improve tarnished image in West

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
Investment Programme ◽  
The Impact

Subject Nicosia’s decision to revoke the citizenship of 26 foreign nationals. Significance Cyprus has tightened up its Citizenship by Investment Programme (CIP) with regard to certain controversial individuals out of a desire to strengthen relations with the United States and EU. This is particularly important given Turkish efforts to prevent Cyprus exploring for natural gas in its waters. Impacts According to a finance ministry study, CIP made a positive but relatively small contribution to GDP during 2013-18. The construction sector benefited in particular, with employment rising by about 8%. The effect on property prices seems largely to have been confined to Limassol. The impact on Cypriot banking amounted largely to stabilising the sector and providing a new source of finance during the banking crisis.

scholarly journals Matrix Hard - The Impact of Technological, Economic and Social Indicators on Productivity and Competitiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Marina Popa ◽  
Maia Pisaniuc
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Economic And Social Indicators

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the impact of technological, economic and social indicators on productivity and competitiveness through the HARD Matrix method, proposed by the European Commission. The level of economic development of different countries, as well as the degree of diversification and specialization of their world production, determines the degree of integration of national economies in the world economy that differs considerably by country and group of countries. The expansion and amplification of the internationalization process have substantially changed the place and role of each state in the world economy. Due to this process, today's world economy is no longer a simple sum of economies put in contact, but a global-universal system, unitary through the interrelationships between the component subsystems and its extremely heterogeneous structure. In the twenty first-century, the process of amplifying innovation, the net economy, and the Covid 19 pandemic have shaped new trends in the world countries and determined the balance of power between the three great empires of the world – the United States, the European Union, and China. At the same time, there are no similar links between the United States, the European Union and China, they do not share the same culture, do not share the same geographic space, and do not use the same models of economic development, but all of them consider innovation, sophisticated business, technology, safe tools in promoting economic growth and competitiveness.

scholarly journals The Design and Impacts of Individual Sanctions: Evidence From Elites in Côte d’Ivoire and Zimbabwe

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Portela ◽  
Thijs Van Laer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
The Impact

Since the 1990s, sanctions senders like the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations have been imposing visa bans and asset freezes on individuals as a key element of their sanctions packages. Notwithstanding the growing centrality that individual sanctions have acquired in international sanctions practice, little is known about the impact of sanctions listings on designees. Some researchers have scrutinised targeting choices, while others have explored the effects of sanctions on designees. However, no study has yet examined the fit between targeting choices and impacts on designees. First, we interrogate the theory of targeted sanctions to identify the expectations that it generates. Second, we examine the effects on designees and contrast them with the targeting logic of the sender, in a bid to ascertain their fit. Our analysis of the cases of Côte d’Ivoire (2010–2011) and Zimbabwe (2002–2017) benefits from original interview material.

17. The European Union and the USA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Smith ◽  
Rebecca Steffenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Security Questions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Mechanisms ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the evolution of the European Union's relations with the United States. More specifically, it looks at the ways in which EU–US relations enter into the international relations of the EU as well as the implications for key areas of the EU's growing international activity. The chapter begins with an overview of the changing shape and focus of the EU–US relationship as it enters into economic, political, and security questions. It then considers the impact of EU–US relations on the EU's system of international relations, on the EU's role in the processes of international relations, and on the EU's position as a ‘power’ in international relations. It shows that the EU–US relationship has played a key (and contradictory) role in development of the EU's foreign policy mechanisms.

Comparative Analysis of Tanker Ships Incidents and their Environment Impacts

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 775-779
Author(s):  
Ramona Tromiadis ◽  
Costel Stanca
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Oil Tankers

The paper presents a comparative analysis of tanker ships incidents and their environment impacts. The focus is on oil tankers because this type of ships poses the highest environmental risk. By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be considered a threat to the environment. In case of a maritime accident a ship can suffer fracture of the ships hull that may lead to oil outflow leading to environmental consequences or stability problems, which may again result in capsizing of the vessel. In terms of the consequences for the vessel maritime accidents can be classified in different categories. Severe accident means an accident involving a total loss of the ship, loss of life or severe pollution. Accident that is not severe which may involve: fire, explosion, stranding, collision damage caused by bad weather, damage caused by ice, fracture in the hull or suspected damage to the body. This may also lead to pollution. And incidents that are circumstances or events caused by, or related with the operation of a ship from which the ship or any person is being hazard or results in serious damage to the ship, the ship's structure or the environment. Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Shipping regulations have been developed or modified over years on the basis of some significant marine accidents. The regulations are mostly concentrated on reducing the consequences of maritime incidents. Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from U.S. waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of the Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. Air pollution from normal tanker engines operation and from cargo fires is another serious concern. Ship fires may not only result in the loss of the ship due to lack of specialized firefighting gear and techniques but the fires sometimes burn for days and require evacuations of nearby residents due to the dangerous smoke.

A Dynamic Model of Rational Addiction with Stockpiling and Learning: An Empirical Examination of E-cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5886-5905
Author(s):  
Jialie Chen ◽  
Vithala R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Current regulations on e-cigarettes are minimal compared with cigarette regulations, despite their growing popularity globally. Advocates of e-cigarettes claim that they aid in ceasing smoking habits. However, leaving e-cigarettes unregulated has raised growing health concerns. Policymakers in several countries, including the United States and those in Europe, are considering and experimenting with policy interventions. To evaluate current policies and implement potential regulations on e-cigarettes, policymakers must understand the impact of e-cigarettes on consumers’ smoking behaviors. To address this issue, we construct a dynamic structural model that incorporates consumers’ purchases and consumption behaviors of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The results from our proposed model indicate that consumption of e-cigarettes promotes, rather than counteracts, smoking. This is because the less costly e-cigarettes incentivize consumers to build their addiction to nicotine, which, in return, increases future consumption of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This finding calls for regulations on e-cigarettes. We then conduct counterfactual analyses to evaluate two policy regulations on e-cigarettes: (1) e-cigarette taxes and (2) price regulation. Because both of these policies have been discussed extensively in both the United States and many countries in the European Union, results of our policy simulations address these policy debates. We find that both are effective in reducing overall consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. We also examine the role of consumers’ heterogeneity on the simulation results as well as the policy implications. We conclude with future research directions, such as inclusion of social influence and cross-selling marketing. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

The Impact of Contingency Fees on Collective Antitrust Actions: Experiments from Lithuania and Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 368-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Žygimantas Juška
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Group Actions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contingency Fees ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Contingency-fee agreements are one—if not the only—tool that can be used to ensure that small-stakes collective antitrust actions are heard, yet they are subject to strong resistance from the European Union. There is a concern that contingency fees could lead to abuses of the system or conflicts of interest, as has been seen in the United States. Contrary to eu policy, two proactive member states—Lithuania and Poland—have introduced the possibility of using contingency fees in group litigation in order to facilitate group actions. Despite having a lot of potential, this paper will demonstrate that the introduction alone of contingency fees will not facilitate the compensation objective that is embedded in the Directive on damages actions. In addition, it will show that the safeguard policy against frivolous litigation is sufficient to limit the possibilities for litigation abuses, but it is ineffective for monitoring the individual behavior of group representatives.

scholarly journals A Critical Evaluation of the Estonian Cyber Incident

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Donald L. Buresh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Impact

This paper evaluates the effect of the Estonian cyber incident on Estonia, Russia, the United States, the European Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also known as NATO. The paper employs the Valeriano and Maness criteria for evaluating a cyber incident critically. The article asks how did the Estonian cyber incident come to pass, what were the foreign policy and international relationship effects, what was the impact on Estonia, and how did Estonia react to the attack. The essay concludes that the Estonian cyber incident was a catalyst, prompting the nations listed herein to address the effects of cyber-attacks, and then search for acceptable solutions.

scholarly journals Economic and financial results of the USA and the European Union sanctions war against Russia: first results

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (68) ◽  
pp. 251-272
Author(s):  
Ilmir Nusratullin ◽  
Raul Yarullin ◽  
Tagira Ismagilova ◽  
Olga Eremeeva ◽  
Tatiana Ermoshina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

As part of this study, the goal is set to assess the impact of sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union on the economy and financial sector of Russia, to identify the effectiveness of the initial goals of these countries. To achieve the goal, the legal acts concerning the imposed sanctions of the USA and the European Union against Russia were first analyzed, a chronology of events was described, and sanctions were classified. Further, based on the data of the World Bank and the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the results of the sanction pressure on the Russian economy and financial sector were estimated. Then the results of this study were compared with the results obtained by other scholars. The paper concluded that the sanctions of the United States and the European Union did have an impact on the economy and financial sector of Russia, but this influence was not as significant as the leaders of these countries expected. In addition, the impact of the sanctions is gradually decreasing despite the introduction of new sanctions on various pretexts.

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