Data of Twin Births occurring in 2 English metropolitan Hospitals

1953 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary N. Karn
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Gestation Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
Weight Groups ◽  
Length Of Gestation

SUMMARYA sample of 583 twins, delivered in two English hospitals, and divided into groups of like sex and unlike sex, has been analysed as regards distributions, means and standard deviations of mother's age, order of birth, birth weight and length of gestation time.In birth weight the unlike sex have greater means than the like sex, from which it may be deduced that dizygotic twins are heavier at birth than monozygotic.The correlation of birth weight in twins is 0.727 for like and 0.676 for unlike sex.Length of gestation time has a correlation with birth weight of 0.345 for like and 0.403 for unlike sex.Neonatal mortality (including stillbirths) is high for twins, being 16.6% as compared with 4.5 % in single births. When these rates are sub-divided into groups of birthweight, it is found that the rates for the very low weight groups are a little better for twins than for single births, but those round the mean and above it are about 3 times those for single births of average or above average weight.The mortality rates are a little lower for twins of unlike sex.

Data of twins born in Italy 1936-51

1954 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Karn
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Smooth Curve ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Gestation Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
University Of Rome ◽  
The University ◽  
Chief Characteristic ◽  
Length Of Gestation

SummaryData of 986 twins from the records of the Clinica Ostetrica of the University of Rome have been analysed as regards the distributions, means and standard deviations of mother's age, order of birth, birth weight and length of gestation time in groups of like and unlike sex.The chief characteristic of these data compared with similar data from English hospitals is the inclusion of cases of low birth weight and short gestation time. In the English data there are 9 cases out of 1137 of the group of weight under 680 g; in the present data there are 57 out of 1942 which fall into the lowest group under 500 g.Similarly in length of gestation the English data have only 2 cases out of 926 under 170 days compared with 33 of the Italian out of 945.The correlations between twin weights are respectively .8030 for like sex and .7604 for unlike sex; for weight and gestation period they are .3814 (like sex) and .3606 (unlike sex).The regression of weight on length of gestation runs as a smooth curve in accordance with previous findings. The mean weights for given gestation times are about the same as, or a little higher than, those for the English data.I am greatly indebted to Dr. Norma McArthur for giving me a copy of these data.

Lamb survival in two hill flocks

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Purser ◽  
G. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lamb Survival

The effects of birth weight, maternal age and parity on survival of single lambs have been studied in a Blackface and a Welsh Mountain flock.In both flocks the maximum survival rate was found to occur among lambs with birth weights just above the mean. Mortality increased as lambs' birth weight increased or decreased from the optimum, but was especially heavy at the lower extreme of the range of birth weights.Mortality decreased with age of dam to 14·3% for lambs from 4- to 6-year-old Blackface ewes and to 9·4% for lambs of 3- to 4-year-old Welsh ewes. Ewes having their first lambs gave mortality rates twice as great as for the mature ewes in the same flocks. The lower chances of survival of first born lambs irrespective of dam's age accounts for the apparent trend of mortality with maternal age in the Blackface.Changes in mortality rates associated with variation in lamb's birth weight and with the age structure of the ewe flock were estimated. Possible means of improvement of survival rate are discussed.

Lamb mortality in a flock of East African Blackheaded sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. M. Trail ◽  
G. D. Sacker
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
East African ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Overall Mortality

1. The effects of birth weight, sex, twinning, parity of dam and dry season on mortality rates of lambs were studied between birth and weaning at 20 weeks in a flock of East African Blackheaded sheep.2. The mean birth weights of non-surviving lambs were lower than those of surviving lambs. Singles from gimmers and twins from ewes were 0.5 and 1.0 lb., respectively, lighter at birth, and had higher mortality rates than singles from ewes. The overall mortality rate of singles from ewes was 16%, singles from gimmers 20% and twins from ewes 28%. Male and female lambs born alive had similar mortality rates (18%).

Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasonography after preterm premature rupture of membranes: comparison of different formulas

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sertac Esin ◽  
Mutlu Hayran ◽  
Yusuf Aytac Tohma ◽  
Mahmut Guden ◽  
Ismail Alay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Preterm Premature Rupture ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weight Groups

AbstractObjective:To compare different ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation formulas in predicting the fetal birth weight of preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM) fetuses.Methods:Based on the ultrasonographic measurements, the estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated according to the published formulas. The comparisons used estimated birth weight (EBW) and observed birth weight (OBW) to calculate the mean absolute percentage error [(EBW–OBW)/OBW×100], mean percentage error [(EBW–OBW)/OBW×100)] and their 95% confidence intervals.Results:There were 234 PPROM patients in the study period. The mean gestational age at which PPROM occured was 31.2±3.7 weeks and the mean gestational age of delivery was 32.4±3.2 weeks. The mean birth weight was 1892±610 g. The median absolute percentage error for 33 formulas was 11.7%. 87.9% and 21.2% of the formulas yielded inaccurate results when the cut-off values for median absolute percentage error were 10% and 15%, respectively. The Vintzileos’ formula was the only method which had less than or equal to 10% absolute percentage error in all age and weight groups.Conclusions:For PPROM patients, most of the formulas designed for sonographic fetal weight estimation had acceptable performance. The Vintzileos’ method was the only formula having less than 10% absolute percentage error in all gestational age and weight groups; therefore, it may be the preferred method in this cohort. Amniotic fluid index (AFI) before delivery had no impact on the performance of the formulas in terms of mean percentage errors.

Comparative drought resistance of Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred herds in central Queensland. 2. Relative mortality rates, calf birth weights, and weights and weight changes of breeding cows

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Weight

The mortality rates, weight changes and associated effects of a. draught in 1969 were observed in a herd of Shorthorn x Hereford (SH), Brahman x SH (BX) and Africander x SH (AX) crossbred cows and small herds of purebred Brahman and Africander cows at 'Belmont', Queensland. About half of the cows calved over a two month period from mid-October 1969. All the cows were weighed in February 1968, February and October 1969 and in January 1970 and the data from the crossbreds analysed by the method of least squares. The weights and weight changes of both the calving and non-calving groups followed a similar pattern though the weight changes of the non-calving group were of greater magnitude. The weights showed that the three crossbreds reached the same mature weight but at different rates. The SH cows reached mature weight least rapidly, had the highest mean weight loss during the drought and had the lowest mean gains after the season broke. Weight changes both during and after the drought were however dependent on lactational status in February 1969. The mean weight loss of cows that weaned a calf in 1969 (wet) was similar for all breeds. However, the mean loss of the dry SH cows was significantly greater than that of the dry BX and AX cows. Previously wet cows exhibited compensatory gains after calving but the gain of the wet SH cows was the lowest of the crossbred means. The mean birth weight of the SH calves was reduced below the long term mean by about 4 kg but birthweights of BX and AX calves were similar to those in other years. During the drought the purebred Brahmans lost the least and the purebred Africanders lost the most weight of all breeds. However, the nature of the data precludes any strict comparisons from being drawn. Mortality rates of breeding cows were recorded from 1960 to 1969. Rates were generally highest for the SH, particularly in the drought years of 1965 and 1969. Some reasons are advanced which may explain the differences in performance of the breed types.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF SEX AND BIRTH WEIGHT OF THE CALF AND THE PARITY AND LENGTH OF GESTATION ON THE TIME OF CALVING

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-875
Author(s):  
J. THARMARAJ ◽  
Y. SHINDE ◽  
F. KASHIWAMURA ◽  
M. NAKAMURA ◽  
T. IKETAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Weight Groups ◽  
Length Of Gestation

Data on 721 calvings of Holstein cows recorded over a 10-yr period at the Obihiro University Dairy Farm were analyzed using chi-square analysis of variance. Calvings were not evenly distributed over the 24 h (P < 0.05). Calf birth weight affected the time of calving (P = 0.02). Sex of the calf (P = 0.73), parity (P = 0.55) and length of gestation (P = 0.10) did not directly influence the time of calving. Calves were divided into three groups according to their birth weights, within subclasses of sex (male, female), parity (early, late) and length of gestation (short, long). The groups were: light weight (≤ mean − SD under that subclass), average (mean + SD) and heavy (≥ mean + SD). Chi-square analysis comparing the three birth weight groups revealed that most of the lightest calves were born during the night. Weight of the mature fetus was related to the time of calving, but the mechanism for it was not resolved. Key words: Calving time, calf birth weight, parturition

WEIGHT IN RELATION TO FETAL AND NEWBORN MORTALITY; INFLUENCE OF SEX AND COLOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-342
Author(s):  
LEONA BAUMGARTNER ◽  
VIVIAN PESSIN ◽  
MYRON E. WEGMAN ◽  
SYLVIA L. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Weight Groups

Analysis was made of 209,055 live births, 6978 fetal deaths subsequent to 20 weeks of gestation, and 5048 neonatal deaths, reported in New York City in 1939 and 1940. Comparison was made of fetal death rates per 1000 unborn children in each weight group by means of a modified life table method and of neonatal death rates per 1000 live births in each birth-weight group, for the two sexes and for the white and nonwhite races. For all infants, fetal death rates, so calculated, are relatively low and neonatal death rates very high in the lower weight groups. Both rates go up sharply in the higher weight groups, indicating that infants much over average weight are not good risks. Lower fetal death rates were observed for females in the weight groups below 3000 gm. and for males in the weight groups above 3000 gm. Neonatal death rates were lower for females throughout. The implication appears to be that relative maturity is more important than size in regard to variation in fetal death rate. Comparison by race indicates consistently higher nonwhite fetal death rates for nonwhite infants in all weight groups. Neonatal death rates were similar for white and nonwhite infants in the lower weight groups but higher for nonwhite infants in the upper weight groups. A study in 22 hospitals, giving presumably better care than the city-wide average, showed lower neonatal rates for the nonwhite infants in the lower weight groups. It is inferred that comparisons of observed mortality differences by race must consider differences between the races in regard to extrinsic factors such as economic status, nutrition and care. For practical purposes a uniform criterion of birth weight, 2500 gm., should be maintained in the diagnosis of prematurity. Using a method of combining fetal and neonatal mortality experience to measure the total risk to unborn children of different weights, it was possible to calculate "best birth weights." These were found to be about 120 gm. lower for female than for male, and about 160 gm. lower for nonwhite than for white births.

Mortality, weight and body measurements at birth of Dairy Shorthorn calves

1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Gestation

1. Records of mortality of Dairy Shorthorn heifer calves in the N.I.R.D. herd from 1924 to 1946 were analysed and show a total loss of 16·3%. Losses due to abortions amounted to 5·1%, to stillbirths 6·3%, and post-natal losses in calves up to 6 months of age, 4·8%.2. The mean adjusted length of gestation period for 230 Dairy Shorthorn cows was 285·6 days.3. Calves carried longer were heavier at birth, the average increase in weight amounting to 0·91 lb. per day of gestation.4. The adjusted mean birth weight of the calves was 81·68 lb. Bull calves are carried longer than heifer calves by about 1·68 days and they are heavier at birth by about 3·29 lb.5. The birth weight of 111 heifer calves born between 1940 and 1947 was 79·9 lb. as compared with the value obtained before the war of 87·0 lb. for 285 heifer calves.Some factors affecting the weight of the calf at birth were studied; including the effect of artificial mating.

Effect of pre- and post- natal nutrition on the growth of beef cattle I. The effect of nutrition and parity of the dam on calf birth weight

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Tudor
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Gestation

The influence of submaintenance (low plane) nutrition during the last trimester of pregnancy, and parity of the dam, on calf birth weight was studied in Hereford cows.The submaintenance ration (3.5 kg Rhodes grass hay per head per day) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the mean calf birth weight by 6.8 kg to 24 1 kg, and the mean length of gestation by 5.4 days to 277.3 days, compared with an above-maintenance (high plane) ration (3.5 kg each of Rhodes grass hay and barley grain per head per day). Dam nutrition, however, did not influence the number of retained placentae, calf mortality, or the incidence of dystocias. Dam parity did not significantly influence calf birth weight or length of gestation, but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of retained placentae of second parity cows. There were no significant differences between sexes in mean birth weight or mean gestation length. The regression of calf birth weight on dam weight just prior to calving was significant (P < 0.05) for high plane cows: y = 20.248 + 0.023x, r = 0.40. The regression of calf birth weight on length of gestation was significant for both high(P < 0.05) and low(P < 0.01) plane cows: y = –28.343 + 0.210x, r = 0.40, and y = -41.015 + 0.235x, r = 0.42 respectively.

CAN THE '4 P'S OF PN' IMPROVE NEONATAL NUTRIENT INTAKE?

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. e2.41-e2
Author(s):  
Zoe Lansdowne ◽  
Elizabeth Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intensive Work ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Average Weight Gain

AimsELBW infants on NICU were found to have poor growth compared to network data. Previous audit work1 showed that the time from birth to PN did not meet unit guideline targets and did not achieve optimal protein intake. Intensive work was done to publicise this and to decrease the time from birth to PN. Stock PN recipes were also reformulated to concentrate nutrition. The aim of audits 2 and 3 was to analyse whether publicising the 4 P's of PN (prompt, protein, protected and peripheral) could improve protein intake and ultimately increase growth velocity.MethodsThe details of all infants born <28 weeks or <1 kg from 1st September to 30th November 2014 (audit 2) and from 1st April to 30th June 2015 (audit 3) were analysed retrospectively. Data was collected from the patients' medical notes, including parenteral nutrition (PN) prescriptions, fluid prescriptions and observation charts.ResultsOver both 3 month audit cycles, data from a further 52 patients were analysed. It was found that the mean time from birth to PN for inborn infants was reduced from 10 hrs 59 mins to 7 hrs 14 mins, and then again further to 4 hrs 16 mins. On average all patients received more protein in the first 24 hrs of life in audit 3 compared to audits 2 and 1, 0.92 g/kg/day, 0.86 g/kg/day and 0.66 g/kg/day respectively. Just under 1/3 of patients achieved the target protein intake of 1.25 g/kg/day for day 1 of life in audit 3. For inborn patients only, protein intake increased from 0.83 g/kg/day to 1.09 g/kg/day to 1.38 g/kg/day over the audit cycle period. Inborn infants <750 g receiving PN within 6 hrs of birth increased from 17%, to 67%, and finally to 83% in audit 3.Of the infants still on the unit at day 14 of life, the mean daily protein intake increased from 2.15 g/kg/day to 2.35 g/kg/day and then to 2.46 g/kg/day, although the maximum achieved on a single day for a single infant was 3.87 g/kg/day, in audit 2.Average weight gain was 2.97 g/kg/day in audit 1 but this increased to over 7 g/kg/day in audits 2 and 3. All of the infants exceeded their birth weight by day 14 of life in audits 2 and 3, compared to only 71% in audit 1.The percentage of PN quantities prescribed but never administered remained constant between 13% and 16%.ConclusionPublicising the 4 P's of PN ensured that PN was started promptly after birth resulting in increased protein intake on day 1 of life. Reformulating the stock PN bags to a more concentrated recipe, and protecting the PN volume infused, also increased protein intake. The results of these actions were improved growth velocity and all infants regained at least their birth weight by day 14 of life. Work still needs to be done to increase the mean daily protein intake.Peripheral PN was not actioned.

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