WEIGHT IN RELATION TO FETAL AND NEWBORN MORTALITY; INFLUENCE OF SEX AND COLOR

Analysis was made of 209,055 live births, 6978 fetal deaths subsequent to 20 weeks of gestation, and 5048 neonatal deaths, reported in New York City in 1939 and 1940. Comparison was made of fetal death rates per 1000 unborn children in each weight group by means of a modified life table method and of neonatal death rates per 1000 live births in each birth-weight group, for the two sexes and for the white and nonwhite races. For all infants, fetal death rates, so calculated, are relatively low and neonatal death rates very high in the lower weight groups. Both rates go up sharply in the higher weight groups, indicating that infants much over average weight are not good risks. Lower fetal death rates were observed for females in the weight groups below 3000 gm. and for males in the weight groups above 3000 gm. Neonatal death rates were lower for females throughout. The implication appears to be that relative maturity is more important than size in regard to variation in fetal death rate. Comparison by race indicates consistently higher nonwhite fetal death rates for nonwhite infants in all weight groups. Neonatal death rates were similar for white and nonwhite infants in the lower weight groups but higher for nonwhite infants in the upper weight groups. A study in 22 hospitals, giving presumably better care than the city-wide average, showed lower neonatal rates for the nonwhite infants in the lower weight groups. It is inferred that comparisons of observed mortality differences by race must consider differences between the races in regard to extrinsic factors such as economic status, nutrition and care. For practical purposes a uniform criterion of birth weight, 2500 gm., should be maintained in the diagnosis of prematurity. Using a method of combining fetal and neonatal mortality experience to measure the total risk to unborn children of different weights, it was possible to calculate "best birth weights." These were found to be about 120 gm. lower for female than for male, and about 160 gm. lower for nonwhite than for white births.

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Population based cohort study of fetal deaths, and neonatal and perinatal mortality at term within a Somali diaspora

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-04163-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Contag ◽

Rahel Nardos ◽

Irina A. Buhimschi ◽

Jennifer Almanza

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Black Women ◽

Perinatal Mortality ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Fetal Death ◽

Hispanic Women ◽

Place Of Birth ◽

Death Rates ◽

Somali Women

Abstract Background Somali women deliver at greater gestational age with limited information on the associated perinatal mortality. Our objective is to compare perinatal mortality among Somali women with the population rates. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study from all births that occurred in Minnesota between 2011 and 2017. Information was obtained from certificates of birth, and neonatal and fetal death. Data was abstracted from 470,550 non-anomalous births ≥37 and ≤ 42 weeks of gestation. The study population included U.S. born White, U.S. born Black, women born in Somalia or self-identified as Somali, and women who identified as Hispanic regardless of place of birth (377,426). We excluded births < 37 weeks and > 42 weeks, > 1 fetus, age < 18 or > 45 years, or women of other ethnicities. The exposure was documented ethnicity or place of birth, and the outcomes were live birth, fetal death, neonatal death prior to 28 days, and perinatal mortality rates. These were calculated using binomial proportions with 95% confidence intervals and compared using odds ratios adjusted (aOR) for diabetes, hypertension and maternal body mass index. Results The aOR [95%CI] for stillbirth rate in the Somali cohort was greater than for U.S. born White (2.05 [1.49–2.83]) and Hispanic women (1.90 [1.30–2.79]), but similar to U.S. born Black women (0.88 [0.57–1.34]). Neonatal death rates were greater than for U.S. born White (1.84 [1.36–2.48], U.S. born Black women (1.47 [1.04–2.06]) and Hispanic women (1.47 [1.05–2.06]). This did not change after analysis was restricted to those with spontaneous onset of labor. When analyzed by week, at 42 weeks Somali aOR for neonatal death was the same as for U.S. born White women, but compared against U.S. born Black and Hispanic women, was significantly lower. Conclusions The later mean gestational age at delivery among women of Somali ethnicity is associated with greater overall risk for stillbirth and neonatal death rates at term, except compared against U.S. born Black women with whom stillbirth rates were not different. At 42 weeks, Somali neonatal mortality decreased and was comparable to that of the U.S. born White population and was lower than that of the other minorities.

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Multi-omics analysis to examine microbiota, host gene expression and metabolites in the intestine of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with different growth performance

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9646

Author(s):

Tanaporn Uengwetwanit ◽

Umaporn Uawisetwathana ◽

Sopacha Arayamethakorn ◽

Juthatip Khudet ◽

Sage Chaiyapechara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Penaeus Monodon ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Average Weight ◽

Weight Group ◽

Phenyllactic Acid ◽

Black Tiger Shrimp ◽

Tiger Shrimp ◽

Weight Groups

Understanding the correlation between shrimp growth and their intestinal bacteria would be necessary to optimize animal’s growth performance. Here, we compared the bacterial profiles along with the shrimp’s gene expression responses and metabolites in the intestines between the Top and the Bottom weight groups. Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were collected from the same population and rearing environments. The two weight groups, the Top-weight group with an average weight of 36.82 ± 0.41 g and the Bottom-weight group with an average weight of 17.80 ± 11.81 g, were selected. Intestines were aseptically collected and subjected to microbiota, transcriptomic and metabolomic profile analyses. The weighted-principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on UniFrac distances showed similar bacterial profiles between the two groups, suggesting similar relative composition of the overall bacterial community structures. This observed similarity was likely due to the fact that shrimp were from the same genetic background and reared under the same habitat and diets. On the other hand, the unweighted-distance matrix revealed that the bacterial profiles associated in intestines of the Top-weight group were clustered distinctly from those of the Bottom-weight shrimp, suggesting that some unique non-dominant bacterial genera were found associated with either group. The key bacterial members associated to the Top-weight shrimp were mostly from Firmicutes (Brevibacillus and Fusibacter) and Bacteroidetes (Spongiimonas), both of which were found in significantly higher abundance than those of the Bottom-weight shrimp. Transcriptomic profile of shrimp intestines found significant upregulation of genes mostly involved in nutrient metabolisms and energy storage in the Top-weight shrimp. In addition to significantly expressed metabolic-related genes, the Bottom-weight shrimp also showed significant upregulation of stress and immune-related genes, suggesting that these pathways might contribute to different degrees of shrimp growth performance. A non-targeted metabolome analysis from shrimp intestines revealed different metabolic responsive patterns, in which the Top-weight shrimp contained significantly higher levels of short chain fatty acids, lipids and organic compounds than the Bottom-weight shrimp. The identified metabolites included those that were known to be produced by intestinal bacteria such as butyric acid, 4-indolecarbaldehyde and L-3-phenyllactic acid as well as those produced by shrimp such as acyl-carnitines and lysophosphatidylcholine. The functions of these metabolites were related to nutrient absorption and metabolisms. Our findings provide the first report utilizing multi-omics integration approach to investigate microbiota, metabolic and transcriptomics profiles of the host shrimp and their potential roles and relationship to shrimp growth performance.

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Macrosomic Newborns Delivered at Term after Labor among Nondiabetic Women: Maternal and Neonatal Morbidities

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1695013 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Han-Yang Chen ◽

Suneet P. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Birth Certificate ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Live Births ◽

Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Weight Groups ◽

Group 1

Abstract Objective This study aimed to compare morbidities among nonmacrosomic versus macrosomic singleton live births of nondiabetic women who labored. Study Design This retrospective study utilized the 2003 revision of U.S. birth certificate data of singleton live births (2011–2013) at 37 to 41 weeks who labored. The primary outcomes were composite maternal and neonatal morbidities (CMM and CNM, respectively). We compared these outcomes by birth weight, 2,500 to 3,999 g (group 1; reference), 4,000 to 4,449 g (group 2), and 4,500 to 5,999 g (group 3). We used multivariable Poisson regression analyses to examine the association between birth weight groups and the outcomes. Results Among 6,691,338 live births, 92.0% were in group 1, 7.1% in group 2, and 0.9% in group 3. The overall CMM and CNM rates were 4.4 and 6.8 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Compared with group 1, the risk of CMM was significantly higher in group 2 (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44–1.56) and group 3 (aRR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.82–2.19). Likewise, the risk of CNM was significantly higher in group 2 (aRR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.33–1.43) and group 3 (aRR = 2.57; 95% CI: 2.40–2.75) than in group 1. Conclusion Nondiabetic women who labor with a macrosomic newborns have a significantly higher rate of adverse outcomes than nonmacrosomic.

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Neonatal and Infant Mortality in Relation to Phototherapy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.2.422 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 422-441

Author(s):

Philip J. Lipsitz ◽

Lawrence M. Gartner ◽

Dolores A. Bryla

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Study Group ◽

Care Needs ◽

Death Rates ◽

Upper Level ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Weight Groups

Of all the parameters for assessing the effectiveness and safety of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, none is as unambiguous as death. Although death rates are definitive, any relationship to the treatment modality or lack thereof may be confounded by other events. No prior data suggest the possibility of either enhanced or reduced mortality in infants treated with phototherapy.34,50 The groups were allocated randomly and the care given the two groups was the same, with the exception that one group received phototherapy. It was stipulated that research protocol requirements were at no time to take precedence over the medical care needs of the infant. RESULTS Seventy-two (10.7%) of the 672 newborns entered into the phototherapy group and 62 (9.3%) of the 667 newborns in the control group died during the first year of life. During the period prior to discharge from the nurseries, there were 68 (10.1%) deaths in the phototherapy group and 51 (7.6%) in the control group. All of the deaths except one in each group were in newborns who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth. These differences, as well as deaths in the first seven or 28 days of life, were not significantly different (X2 with Yates correction) when P < .05 was taken to be the upper level of significance (Table 1). DEATHS BY BIRTH WEIGHT SUBGROUPS The number of newborns entered into each study group and the deaths prior to discharge from the hospital for the birth weight groups 1,000 g or less and 1,001 to 1,999 g are indicated in Table 2.

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Unequal at Birth: A Long-Term Comparison of Income and Birth Weight

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700021690 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 987-1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Dora L. Costa

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Best Practice ◽

Socioeconomic Differences ◽

Nutritional Knowledge ◽

Death Rates ◽

The Past ◽

Adult Stature

Socioeconomic differences in birth weight have narrowed since 1900. The mother's nutritional status during her growing years, proxied by height, accounted for most of the differences in the past, but not today. Children born at the beginning of this century compared favorably to modem populations in terms of birth weights, but suffered high fetal and neonatal death rates. By day ten children in the past were at a disadvantage because best practice resulted in insufficient feeding. Improved obstetrical, medical, and nutritional knowledge has increased weight in the first days of life, which may account for increased adult stature.

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Implications of Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome for the number of live births in Brazil

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1718476115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (24) ◽

pp. 6177-6182 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Marcia C. Castro ◽

Qiuyi C. Han ◽

Lucas R. Carvalho ◽

Cesar G. Victora ◽

Giovanny V. A. França

Keyword(s):

Zika Virus ◽

Fetal Death ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

World Health ◽

Death Rates ◽

Live Births ◽

Abortion Complications ◽

Congenital Zika Syndrome ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

An increase in microcephaly, associated with an epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, prompted the World Health Organization to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016. While knowledge on biological and epidemiological aspects of ZIKV has advanced, demographic impacts remain poorly understood. This study uses time-series analysis to assess the impact of ZIKV on births. Data on births, fetal deaths, and hospitalizations due to abortion complications for Brazilian states, from 2010 to 2016, were used. Forecasts for September 2015 to December 2016 showed that 119,095 fewer births than expected were observed, particularly after April 2016 (a reduction significant at 0.05), demonstrating a link between publicity associated with the ZIKV epidemic and the decline in births. No significant changes were observed in fetal death rates. Although no significant increases in hospitalizations were forecasted, after the ZIKV outbreak hospitalizations happened earlier in the gestational period in most states. We argue that postponement of pregnancy and an increase in abortions may have contributed to the decline in births. Also, it is likely that an increase in safe abortions happened, albeit selective by socioeconomic status. Thus, the ZIKV epidemic resulted in a generation of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) babies that reflect and exacerbate regional and social inequalities. Since ZIKV transmission has declined, it is unlikely that reductions in births will continue. However, the possibility of a new epidemic is real. There is a need to address gaps in reproductive health and rights, and to understand CZS risk to better inform conception decisions.

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A Study of Early Neonatal Deaths at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1584 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 79-82

Author(s):

M Shrestha ◽

BL Bajracharya ◽

DS Manandhar

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Death Rate ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Early Neonatal Death ◽

Extreme Prematurity ◽

Neonatal Deaths ◽

Live Births ◽

Early Neonatal Deaths

Over 9 million deaths occur each year in the perinatal and neonatal periods globally. 98% of these deaths take place in the developing world. Nepal has a high neonatal mortality rate (NMR) of 38.6 per 1000 live births (2001). Two thirds of the newborn deaths usually occur in the first week of life (early neonatal death). Newborn survival has become an important issue to improve the overall health status and for achieving the millennium developmental goals of a developing country like Nepal. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the causes of early neonatal deaths (ENND) at KMCTH in the two-year period from November 2003 to October2005 (Kartik 2060 B.S. to Ashoj 2062). Methodology: This is a prospective study of all the early neonatal deaths in KMCTH during the two-year study period. Details of each early neonatal death were filled in the standard perinatal death audit forms of the Department. Results: Out of the 1517 total births in the two-year period, there were 10 early neonatal deaths (ENND). Early neonatal death rate during the study period was 6.7 per 1000 live births and early neonatal death rate (excluding less than 1 kg) was 6.1 per 1000 live births The important causes of early neonatal deaths were extreme prematurity, birth asphyxia, congenital anomalies and septicaemia. During the study period, there was no survival of babies with a birth weight of less than 1 kg. Among the maternal characteristics, 80% of the mothers of early neonatal deaths were aged between 20-35 years. 50% of the mothers were primigravida. 50% of the mothers of ENNDs had delivered their babies by caesarean section.Discussion: Most of the early neonatal deaths were due to extreme prematurity. Birth asphyxia was the second most important cause of early neonatal deaths. 70% of ENNDs were among LBW babies. Prevention of premature delivery, proper management of very low birth weight babies and early detection and appropriate management of perinatal hypoxia have become important interventional strategies in reducing early neonatal deaths in KMCTH.Conclusion: Early neonatal mortality at KMCTH is fairly low. Good care during pregnancy, labour and after the birth of the baby has helped to achieve these results. Low cost locally made equipments were used to manage the sick newborns. Reduction of early neonatal deaths require more intensive care including use of ventilators, surfactant and parenteral nutrition and prevention of preterm births Key words: Early neonatal death (ENND), neonatal mortality doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1584 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 27(2), p.79-82

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Data of Twin Births occurring in 2 English metropolitan Hospitals

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae ◽

10.1017/s1120962300021594 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 152-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mary N. Karn

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Average Weight ◽

Dizygotic Twins ◽

Low Weight ◽

Gestation Time ◽

The Mean ◽

Mother’S Age ◽

Weight Groups ◽

Length Of Gestation

SUMMARYA sample of 583 twins, delivered in two English hospitals, and divided into groups of like sex and unlike sex, has been analysed as regards distributions, means and standard deviations of mother's age, order of birth, birth weight and length of gestation time.In birth weight the unlike sex have greater means than the like sex, from which it may be deduced that dizygotic twins are heavier at birth than monozygotic.The correlation of birth weight in twins is 0.727 for like and 0.676 for unlike sex.Length of gestation time has a correlation with birth weight of 0.345 for like and 0.403 for unlike sex.Neonatal mortality (including stillbirths) is high for twins, being 16.6% as compared with 4.5 % in single births. When these rates are sub-divided into groups of birthweight, it is found that the rates for the very low weight groups are a little better for twins than for single births, but those round the mean and above it are about 3 times those for single births of average or above average weight.The mortality rates are a little lower for twins of unlike sex.

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Efficacy of Phototherapy in Prevention and Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.2.393 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 393-441

Author(s):

Audrey K. Brown ◽

Mae Hee Kim ◽

Paul Y. K. Wu ◽

Dolores A. Bryla

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Weight Group ◽

Group A ◽

Study Population ◽

Group B ◽

And Control ◽

Weight Groups

This report concerns the efficacy of phototherapy in preventing hyperbilirubinemia in infants with birth weight less than 2,000 g and in controlling already established hyperbilirubinemia in infants weighing more than 2,000 g in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD, also called NICHD) phototherapy study initiated in 1974. The details of the protocol have been reported by Bryla.18 STUDY POPULATION The study included 1,339 infants from the six participating institutions: 672 were randomly assigned to the phototherapy group and 667 to the control group. As described previously, these infants were studied according to specific protocols in three birth weight groups.18 In infants weighing less than 2,000 g at birth (group A), the efficacy of phototherapy begun at 24 ± 12 hours of age in preventing hyperbilirubinemia was examined. In the other two birth weight groups infants with birth weight 2,000 to 2,499 g [group B] and infants with birth weight 2,500 g or more [group C], the effect of phototherapy on already-established hyperbilirubinemia was examined. MODE OF USE OF PHOTOTHERAPY Phototherapy using Westinghouse daylight fluorescent bulbs in an Air Shields unit was administered continuously. Duration of phototherapy was 96 hours for all treated infants. In each study group, an attempt was made to apply phototherapy in a manner that mimicked common usage, except that control subjects were used. Further, because no infant was to be exposed to bilirubin levels considered "unsafe," maximum bilirubin levels were established for each weight group and exchange transfusions were performed in both phototherapy-treated and control infants when these levels were reached.

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351 Neonatal birth weight effects on gilt development growth and first parity reproductive efficiency

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

China Supakorn ◽

Clay A Lents ◽

Xochitl Martinez ◽

Jeff Vallet ◽

R Dean Boyd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Weight Group ◽

Maternal Line ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Group I ◽

Gilt Development ◽

Weight Groups

Abstract There has been a great deal of interest in gilt development characteristics that predict gilt growth and reproductive traits and which could be measured and manipulated early in the gilt’s lifetime. The objective of the study was to determine neonatal birth weight effects on gilt development growth performance and parity 1 sow reproductive performance traits. Data were collected from 1,052 litters housed at Circle 4 Farms, Milford, UT. A total of 2,960 crossbred Large White x Landrace maternal line gilts entered the research gilt development unit. Gilts were categorized by their individual neonatal birth weight into 3 groups Group I (≤ 1.1 kg; n = 772), Group II (1.2 to 1.5 kg; n = 1,356), and Group III (≥ 1.6 kg; n = 832). Growth and reproductive trait least square means (±SE) for each birth weight group were analyzed and compared among birth weight groups using PROC GLM. Fixed effects in the model included birth weight, farm, and development diet with the random effect of pen within a room. Neonatal birth weight group was a significant (P < 0.05) source of variation for gilt growth in development, number born alive, and litter birth weight at first parity. Gilts from the largest birth weight group had significantly (P < 0.05) larger BW at 100 (45.1 ± 0.3 kg), and BW 200 days (125.7 ± 0.7 kg), faster average daily gain (0.81 ± 0.005 kg), larger BW at puberty (137.7 ± 0.8 kg), larger BW at farrowing (201.1 ± 1.2 kg), larger BW at post-weaning (195.0 ± 1.0 kg), larger number born alive (11.8 ± 0.1), larger litter birth weights (18.2 ± 0.2 kg). The largest birth weight group tended (P > 0.05) to wean more pigs (9.0 ± 0.2) and have greater litter weaning weights (48.8 ± 1.04 kg) at first parity when compared to gilts from the other two birth weight groups. Improving neonatal birth weight will improve gilt development and productivity through first parity.

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