scholarly journals Influence of Education on Subcortical Hyperintensities and Global Cognitive Status in Vascular Dementia

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Lane ◽  
Robert H. Paul ◽  
David J. Moser ◽  
Thomas D. Fletcher ◽  
Ronald A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
Cognitive Difficulty ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subcortical Hyperintensities

AbstractSubcortical hyperintensities (SH) on neuroimaging are a prominent feature of vascular dementia (VaD) and SH severity correlates with cognitive impairment in this population. Previous studies demonstrated that SH burden accounts for a degree of the cognitive burden among VaD patients, although it remains unclear if individual factors such as cognitive reserve influence cognitive status in VaD. To address this issue, we examined 36 individuals diagnosed with probable VaD (age = 77.56; education = 12). All individuals underwent MMSE evaluations and MRI brain scans. We predicted that individuals with higher educational attainment would exhibit less cognitive difficulty despite similar levels of SH volume, compared to individuals with less educational attainment. A regression analysis revealed that greater SH volume was associated with lower scores on the MMSE. Additionally, education moderated the relationship between SH volume and MMSE score, demonstrating that individuals with higher education had higher scores on the MMSE despite similar degrees of SH burden. These results suggest that educational attainment buffers the deleterious effects of SH burden on cognitive status among VaD patients. (JINS, 2011,17, 531–536)

scholarly journals Is having an educationally diverse social network good for health?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-444
Author(s):  
Mark C. Pachucki ◽  
Diego F. Leal
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tie Strength ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Network Diversity ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Network Good ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhile network research often focuses on social integration as a predictor of health, a less-explored idea is that connections to dissimilar others may benefit well-being. As such, this study investigates whether network diversity is associated with changes in four health outcomes over a 3-year period of time in the U.S.A. Specifically, we focus on how an underexplored measure of network diversity—educational attainment assortativity—is associated with common self-reported outcomes: propensity to exercise, body-mass index, mental health, and physical health. We extend prior research by conducting multilevel analyses using this measure of diversity while adjusting for a range of socio-demographic and network confounders. Data are drawn from a longitudinal probability sample of U.S. adults (n=10.679) in which respondents reported information about themselves and eight possible alters during three yearly surveys (2013–2015). We find, first, that higher educational attainment is associated with more educationally insular networks, while less-educated adults have more educationally diverse networks. Results further suggest that having educationally similar networks is associated with higher body-mass index among the less educated. Further exploration of the relationship between ego network diversity, tie strength, and health is warranted.

State fragility and transparency

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabamita Dutta ◽  
Sanjukta Roy
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Robust Estimation ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between state fragility and transparency. A state is deemed fragile when it falters in its ability to manage conflict and in its capacity to deliver basic functions and implement public policy. Although minimizing fragility of the state is undoubtedly an integral component of economic development, there is a huge variation across countries in terms of where they stand with regard to fragility. Further, it also explores how educational attainment affects the relationship between state fragility and transparency. Design/methodology/approach Using several robust estimation methodologies and a relatively new database on transparency, the authors find that higher levels of transparency lower state fragility. They reply on fixed effect estimators, lagged one period and five periods and system GMM estimators as part of our identification strategy. Findings Using several robust estimation methodologies and a relatively new database on transparency, the authors find that a higher level of transparency lowers state fragility. Greater and free flow of information empowers the populace, restores trust in government, increases participation in the political arena and, thus, reduces state fragility. This paper additionally shows that higher educational attainment helps reap the benefits of transparency even more and, thus, catalyzes transparency to lower-state fragility more effectively. Research limitations/implications Our research shows that greater transparency leads to lower state fragility. Additionally, if the populace of the country has higher educational attainment, the benefits of transparency in reducing state fragility is enhanced. Although enhancing transparency amid high state fragility may be a challenging task, it can be achieved by providing the populace with better media access via internet and cell phones. Originality/value The authors use a relatively new database of transparency to show that transparency acts as an important determinant of state fragility. A state is deemed fragile when it falters in its ability to manage conflict and in its capacity to deliver basic functions and implement public policy. Given this definition, it is needless to say that what can affect state fragility and how can such fragility be lowered is an important research agenda. This paper aims to fill this gap. Additionally, it shows the importance of education while exploring such a relationship.

The relationship of subcortical MRI hyperintensities and brain volume to cognitive function in vascular dementia

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALD A. COHEN ◽  
ROBERT H. PAUL ◽  
BRIAN R. OTT ◽  
DAVID J. MOSER ◽  
TRICIA M. ZAWACKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subcortical Hyperintensities

The relationship between MRI findings (i.e., subcortical hyperintensities; SH, whole brain volume) and the cognitive dysfunction of vascular dementia (VaD) was examined. Participants included 24 persons that met NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD (MMSE = 19.9 ± 4.2) and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and MRI brain imaging. The volume of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) was strongly associated with executive–psychomotor performance, but not with performance across other cognitive domains or global cognitive functional level. Conversely, WBV was strongly associated with global cognitive functioning and performance across most cognitive domains (memory, language, visual integration), but not with executive–psychomotor functioning. The failure of SH to account for either the global dementia evident in these VaD patients or impairments across most cognitive domains suggests that deep subcortical white matter disease may only indirectly contribute to the global cognitive dysfunction of VaD. That WBV emerged as a stronger correlate of dementia raises further questions regarding the cerebral mechanisms that contribute to the development of VaD. (JINS, 2002, 8, 743–752.)

Sources of individual variation in Estonian toddlers’ expressive vocabulary

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Urm ◽  
Tiia Tulviste
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Relationship

The vocabulary size of 16- to 30-month-old children ( N = 1235) was assessed using the Estonian adaptation of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences (ECDI-II). The relationship between children’s expressive vocabulary size and different factors of the child and his/her social environment was examined. Results confirm the findings of studies from other languages showing that girls have larger vocabularies than boys, and first-born children are at an advantage compared to later-born children. Children of highly educated parents have bigger vocabularies than children whose parents have a lower educational level; this effect was significant for both maternal and paternal education. It was found that children of less-educated fathers who spend a high amount of time per week (> 40 hours) in daycare have smaller vocabularies than children of fathers with higher educational attainment.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND POST-STROKE COGNITIVE STATUS IN HOSPITAL-BASED ISCHEMIC STROKE SURVIVORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Herpan Syafii Harahap ◽  
Yanna Indrayana ◽  
Setyawati Asih Putri
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Post-ischemic stroke cognitive decline is significantly affecting the quality of life of its survivors. Its prevalence was about 7.5-72% which was mostly determined by the existing of vascular risk factors and cognitive reserve of the subjects. Level of education is one of determinants of cognitive reserve, a factor that affect the susceptibility of subjects to cognitive decline after experiencing ischemic stroke-related neuronal damage. Since level of education is protective for cognitive function, the intervention on it can reduce the occurrence of cognitive decline. Objective: To investigate the relationship between level of education and cognitive status among hospital-based ischemic stroke survivors. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved post-ischemic stroke outpatients in two hospitals. The data collected in this study were demographic data, including level of education, and clinical data as well. The level of education was categorized into ≥12 years and <12 years groups. Cognitive status was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Indonesia version (MoCA-Ina) and subjects with score of 26-30 were normal. The relationship between level of education as well as clinical data and cognitive status were analyzed using chi-square test. Results: There were 166 subjects eligible for this study (n=166). The mean age of subjects was 58 years and 68.67% of them were male. Cognitive decline were found 80.12% of subjects (n=133). The level of education was significantly associated with cognitive status of the subjects and hypertension as well. Conclusion: The level of education had significant relationship with cognitive decline in the hospital-based population of ischemic stroke survivors.

Attitudes Toward Economic Globalization: Does Knowledge Matter?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850273
Author(s):  
Nathaniel P.S. Cook ◽  
Robert L. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Endowment Effect ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research has found that higher educational attainment is consistently associated with more positive attitudes toward globalization. This result has been interpreted as evidence of a skill-endowment effect, consistent with the predictions of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. However, these studies largely ignore the possible informational component of education (Do individuals with higher educational attainment know more about globalization?). This paper addresses three fundamental questions about economic globalization. First, what is the distribution of knowledge of economic globalization (How much do people know)? Second, what factors help explain this distribution (Who knows what)? And finally, does knowledge of economic globalization help explain attitudes toward economic globalization (Does knowledge affect attitudes)? We find that individuals with greater knowledge of economic globalization tend to have more positive attitudes toward economic globalization. We also find that the relationship between education and attitudes is complex. Education increases knowledge, which in turn affects attitudes, but controlling for knowledge, higher educational attainment is still associated with more positive attitudes toward economic globalization.

General Mathematical Ability Predicts PASAT Performance in MS Patients: Implications for Clinical Interpretation and Cognitive Reserve

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Sandry ◽  
Jessica Paxton ◽  
James F. Sumowski
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Mathematical Ability ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Clinical Interpretation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Serial Addition ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjectives: The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is used to assess cognitive status in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the mathematical demands of the PASAT seem minor (single-digit arithmetic), cognitive psychology research links greater mathematical ability (e.g., algebra, calculus) to more rapid retrieval of single-digit math facts (e.g., 5+6=11). The present study evaluated the hypotheses that (a) mathematical ability is related to PASAT performance and (b) both the relationship between intelligence and PASAT performance as well as the relationship between education and PASAT performance are both mediated by mathematical ability. Methods: Forty-five MS patients were assessed using the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, PASAT and Calculation Subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson-III. Regression based path analysis and bootstrapping were used to compute 95% confidence intervals and test for mediation. Results: Mathematical ability (a) was related to PASAT (β=.61; p<.001) and (b) fully mediated the relationship between Intelligence and PASAT (β=.76; 95% confidence interval (CI95)=.28, 1.45; direct effect of Intelligence, β=.42; CI95=−.39, 1.23) as well as the relationship between Education and PASAT (β=2.43, CI95=.81, 5.16, direct effect of Education, β=.83, CI95=−1.95, 3.61). Discussion: Mathematical ability represents a source of error in the clinical interpretation of cognitive decline using the PASAT. Domain-specific cognitive reserve is discussed. (JINS, 2016, 22, 375–378)

scholarly journals Resting-state electroencephalographic correlates of cognitive reserve: Moderating the age-related decline in cognitive function

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bujan ◽  
Adriana Sampaio ◽  
Diego Pinal
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Measurement of cognitive reserve (CR) is a matter of constant reviews and developments due to the difficulty to assess it directly, being socio-behavioral indexes used as indirect proxies. An effort to unravel the neural correlates underlying CR seems mandatory, and strongly supported by the neuroscientific literature. Neurophysiological measures through electroencephalography (EEG) have proven to be a promising, almost inexpensive method to study the CR neural correlates. In line with the recommendations of Stern et al. (2020), the aim of the present study has been to demonstrate that resting-state EEG measures may moderate the relationship between age-related brain changes and cognitive status; thus, constituting an objective neural index of CR.Our results show that two resting-state EEG measures, delta current source density in the occipital region and beta 2 connectivity between limbic and occipital regions in the right hemisphere, moderate the relation between age and cognitive performance, indexing neuroprotective effects on cognition during the aging process. These results not only shed light on the neural mechanisms involved in CR but also allow us to propose features to be taken into account in order to enhance the results of interventions to delay the onset of cognitive deficits.

scholarly journals Impact of Cognitive Reserve and Premorbid IQ on Cognitive and Functional Status in Older Outpatients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Maria C. Quattropani ◽  
Alberto Sardella ◽  
Francesca Morgante ◽  
Lucia Ricciardi ◽  
Angela Alibrandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
One Year

The study aimed to investigate cross-sectionally the associations of cognitive reserve (CR) and premorbid IQ with cognitive and functional status in a cohort of older outpatients. Additionally, we evaluated the association of CR and premorbid IQ with the worsening of patients’ cognitive status at one-year follow-up. We originally included 141 outpatients (mean age 80.31 years); a telephone-based cognitive follow-up was carried out after one year, including 104 subjects (mean age 80.26 years). CR (β = 0.418), premorbid IQ (β = 0.271) and handgrip strength (β = 0.287) were significantly associated with the MMSE score. The cognitive worsening at follow-up was associated with lower CR, lower MMSE score, reduced gait speed and frailty exhibited at baseline. Univariate linear regressions showed that CR was associated with handgrip strength (β = 0.346), gait speed (β = 0.185), autonomy in basic (β = 0.221) and instrumental (β = 0.272) daily activities, and frailty (β = −0.290); premorbid IQ was significantly associated with autonomy in instrumental daily activities (β = 0.211). These findings highlight the need for integrating CR and premorbid IQ with physical and motor measures when appraising predictors of cognitive decline in the elderly population. The study also newly extends the link of CR and premorbid IQ to the functional status in older adults.

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