scholarly journals Neuropsychological Profiles of Children with Aqueductal Stenosis and Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyla E. Hampton ◽  
Jack M. Fletcher ◽  
Paul Cirino ◽  
Susan Blaser ◽  
Larry A. Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Aqueductal Stenosis ◽  
Congenital Hydrocephalus ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Function Concept ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Normal Cerebellum

AbstractWe compared neuropsychological profiles in children with shunted hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis (AS), a rare form of congenital hydrocephalus, and spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM), a common form of congenital hydrocephalus. Participants were 180 children with shunted hydrocephalus grouped according to etiology: SBM (n = 151), AS (n = 29), and typically developing (TD; n = 60) individuals. The group with AS performed below the TD group on all tasks except for reading, and their overall performance was higher than the group with SBM, who had the lowest performance in the sample. Both clinical groups significantly differed from the TD group on tasks of spatial function, concept formation, motor function, and memory. Performance of the subgroup of AS children with normal cerebellum status approximated that of the TD group, while those with cerebellar anomalies performed lower than others with AS. Cerebellar abnormalities (present in the whole SBM group and in a subset of the AD group) are associated with more compromise of cognitive as well as motor function. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)

Congenital Hydrocephalus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Joanna Burton ◽  
Edward Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Aqueductal Stenosis ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Congenital Hydrocephalus ◽  
Abnormal Accumulation

Congenital hydrocephalus is defined as the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid resulting in the enlargement of the ventricular system in which the intracranial pressure is known or suspected to be elevated and present since before birth. Congenital hydrocephalus can occur in isolation but is often associated with other conditions such as aqueductal stenosis and spina bifida. Surgery, generally the placement of a ventriculopritoneal shunt, is the mainstay of treatment. Cognitive outcomes are variable and most predicted by associated disability.

scholarly journals Tools and Techniques Used With Robotic Devices to Quantify Upper-Limb Function in Typically Developing Children: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 117957272097901
Author(s):  
Stephan CD Dobri ◽  
Hana M Ready ◽  
Theresa Claire Davies
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Upper Limb Function ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
Tools And Techniques

Background: Robotic devices have been used to quantify function, identify impairment, and rehabilitate motor function extensively in adults, but less-so in younger populations. The ability to perform motor actions improves as children grow. It is important to quantify this rate of change of the neurotypical population before attempting to identify impairment and target rehabilitation techniques. Objectives: For a population of typically developing children, this systematic review identifies and analyzes tools and techniques used with robotic devices to quantify upper-limb motor function. Since most of the papers also used robotic devices to compare function of neurotypical to pathological populations, a secondary objective was introduced to relate clinical outcome measures to identified robotic tools and techniques. Methods: Five databases were searched between February 2019 and August 2020, and 226 articles were found, 19 of which are included in the review. Results: Robotic devices, tasks, outcome measures, and clinical assessments were not consistent among studies from different settings but were consistent within laboratory groups. Fifteen of the 19 articles evaluated both typically developing and pathological populations. Conclusion: To optimize universally comparable outcomes in future work, it is recommended that a standard set of tasks and measures is used to assess upper-limb motor function. Standardized tasks and measures will facilitate effective rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Habitual sleep is associated with both source memory and hippocampal subfield volume during early childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Riggins ◽  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Typically Developing

Abstract Previous research has established important developmental changes in sleep and memory during early childhood. These changes have been linked separately to brain development, yet few studies have explored their interrelations during this developmental period. The goal of this report was to explore these associations in 200 (100 female) typically developing 4- to 8-year-old children. We examined whether habitual sleep patterns (24-h sleep duration, nap status) were related to children’s performance on a source memory task and hippocampal subfield volumes. Results revealed that, across all participants, after controlling for age, habitual sleep duration was positively related to source memory performance. In addition, in younger (4–6 years, n = 67), but not older (6–8 years, n = 70) children, habitual sleep duration was related to hippocampal head subfield volume (CA2-4/DG). Moreover, within younger children, volume of hippocampal subfields varied as a function of nap status; children who were still napping (n = 28) had larger CA1 volumes in the body compared to children who had transitioned out of napping (n = 39). Together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that habitually napping children may have more immature cognitive networks, as indexed by hippocampal integrity. Furthermore, these results shed additional light on why sleep is important during early childhood, a period of substantial brain development.

scholarly journals Cognitive and motor function in adults with spina bifida myelomeningocele: a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Mary Jasien ◽  
Mohamad A. Mikati ◽  
Michaela Kolarova ◽  
Brian Smith ◽  
Stephanie Thera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Motor Function

Language Influences on Verbal Short-Term Memory Performance in Down Syndrome

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1334-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Brock ◽  
Christopher Jarrold
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Term Memory

Down syndrome is associated with severe deficits in language and verbal short-term memory, but the causal relationship between these deficits is unclear. The current study therefore investigated the influence of language abilities on verbal short-term memory performance in Down syndrome. Twenty-one individuals with Down syndrome and 29 younger typically developing children were tested on memory for words and nonwords using 2 immediate recognition tasks: an order memory task that was a relatively pure measure of verbal short-term memory and an item memory task that was more sensitive to language ability. Despite having superior vocabulary knowledge to the typically developing children, individuals with Down syndrome were impaired on both order and item tasks. This impairment was particularly marked on the item task, where individuals with Down syndrome showed an atypically large lexicality effect. These results are interpreted in terms of an underlying verbal short-term memory deficit in Down syndrome that is compounded by poor phonological discrimination abilities.

TMS: neurodevelopment and perinatal insults

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie A. Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Development ◽  
Motor Abnormalities

Neural substrate for changes in neuromotor skills of typically developing children involves the complex and organized maturation of underlying brain structures. This article gives an overview of the changes that occur in motor function, as children get older and those aspects of central nervous development which may form the neural substrates of motor function development. It describes those TMS evoked parameters, related to the motor system, that have been studied in both typically developing children and in those who have suffered perinatal insults to the central nervous system. TMS has its limitations and is especially useful when used in combination with other neurophysiological modalities. The focus for future studies should be on correlating TMS evoked parameters with behavioural measures in typically developing children and explanation of the neural substrates of the motor abnormalities in children with perinatal insults and developmental disabilities.

Neonatal Loss of Motor Function in Human Spina Bifida Aperta

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Sival ◽  
T. W. v. Weerden ◽  
J. S. H. Vles ◽  
A. Timmer ◽  
W. F. A. d. Dunnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Spina Bifida Aperta

scholarly journals Rule-Based Category Learning in Down Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Allyson Phillips ◽  
Frances A. Conners ◽  
Edward Merrill ◽  
Mark R. Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Nonverbal Ability

Abstract Rule-based category learning was examined in youths with Down syndrome (DS), youths with intellectual disability (ID), and typically developing (TD) youths. Two tasks measured category learning: the Modified Card Sort task (MCST) and the Concept Formation test of the Woodcock–Johnson-III (Woodock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001). In regression-based analyses, DS and ID groups performed below the level expected for their nonverbal ability. In cross-sectional developmental trajectory analyses, results depended on the task. On the MCST, the DS and ID groups were similar to the TD group. On the Concept Formation test, the DS group had slower cross-sectional change than the other 2 groups. Category learning may be an area of difficulty for those with ID, but task-related factors may affect trajectories for youths with DS.

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