Voluntary dry-matter intake and digesta kinetics of twin- or single-bearing Manchega ewes given Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay in late pregnancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ferret ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
G. Caja ◽  
P. Prió
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractForty-eight pregnant Manchega dairy ewes bearing twins or singles penned in groups of six during the last 11 weeks of gestation were used to study the effects offorage type (Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay) and number of foetuses (one or two) on voluntary dry-matter (DM) intake and digesta kinetics. Hays were supplemented with 0·6 kg/day of concentrate. When measured directly for group-fed ewes, forage DM intake was affected byforage type (P < 0·01), whereas litter size had no significant effect. An internal (rumen-undegradable DM) and an external (chromium III oxide) marker were also used to determine intake of individual ewes to account for errors in diagnosing litter size. Estimated DM intake confirmed the effect offorage type on DM intake and revealed the effect of litter size on food intake (F < 0·05). Forage type also affected chromium III oxide fractional outflow rate and flow of undegradable DM, whereas litter size only had an effect at the end of pregnancy by reducing hay intake, rate of passage and digesta flow mainly with alfalfa diets. In conclusion, DM intake, rate of passage and digesta flow was higher with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay, in spite of the similar DM apparent digestibilities of both hays. Furthermore, litter size affected DM intake at the end of pregnancy causing an intake decline, which was greater with alfalfa hay than with ryegrass hay.

Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes:5. The accretion of nutrients in the foetuses and adnexa

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. McDonald ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

SUMMARYThe concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash and of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were determined for 22 sets of twin foetuses, 33 of triplets and 11 of quadruplets of known gestational ages within the range 55–145 days. In addition, determinations were made of the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash in their associated placentae and empty uteri, and of dry matter, nitrogen, energy and ash in the foetal fluids. The dry matter, crude protein and fat concentrations in the placentae increased with foetal age and decreased with increasing litter size. Ash concentrations were unaltered. There was no effect of litter size or foetal age on the concentration of nutrients in the empty uteri. Dry matter and nitrogen concentrations in the fluids increased with foetal age but were independent of litter size, whereas ash concentrations increased with litter size but not with age.The form of the mathematical model for foetal growth is considered in relation to the estimation of rates of accretion and the estimation of the differences in composition to be expected between foetuses that are heavy and others that are light relative to their age. When the weights of the foetal constituents were fitted by Gompertz equations extended to include foetal weight as an allometric term, the effects of litter size on foetal composition could be estimated from the foetal weights for each size of litter. Concentrations of dry matter and of most constituents in the foetuses became less as numbers of foetuses increased, irrespective of stage of gestation.A description of the changing composition of the growing foetuses was provided by specific growth rates calculated from the fitted equations. With minor exceptions, derived estimates of foetal concentrations of each constituent were found to agree quite well with most previously published estimates for ovine foetuses, but similar agreement on daily accretion rates was not to be expected in view of the sensitivity of such estimates to the choice of model for foetal growth. Rates of accretion in the gravid uterus increased up to about 5 weeks before parturition and tended to level off thereafter, but most of them still increased slightly over the last 2 weeks, even in ewes bearing triplets or quadruplets. Taking account of the changes in the maternal body of the ewes, it was concluded that although the prolific ewes incurred a substantial energy deficit, and could not have consumed sufficient of the diet to avoid this, their intakes in late pregnancy were nevertheless adequate to support the high rates of accretion of protein and of minerals in the gravid uterus.

Phosphorus homoeostasis in grazing breeder cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. TERNOUTH ◽  
D. B. COATES
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
P Absorption

The phosphorus (P) balances and 32P kinetics of 15 Droughtmaster heifers were studied in mid and late pregnancy and early and late lactation to compare their P absorption coefficients and their P endogenous faecal losses with those of growing cattle. The heifers continuously grazed three paddocks of tropical pasture for a year to provide a range of P intakes.The daily dry matter (DM) and P intakes of the heifers were generally much higher during lactation (17–26 g DM/kg LW and 11–40 mg P/kg LW) than during pregnancy (10–16 g DM/kg LW and 6–22 mg P/kg LW), due in part to the heifers calving at the beginning of the wet (pasture growing) season. Plasma inorganic P levels decreased as the experiment progressed and were very low (<30 mg/l) in all treatments in late lactation. Milk and milk P secretion were high in early lactation (4·0–5·5 l/day and 12–16 mg P/kg LW per day) so the heifers were in more negative balance during lactation than during pregnancy.The coefficient of P absorption was similar to that previously observed in growing cattle consuming forage diets and it was concluded that 0·75 was the appropriate value to use in the estimation of requirements. Endogenous faecal losses ranged from 7 to 17 mg/kg LW and were related to P intake or DM intake plus plasma inorganic P. Comparison of the regressions with those from the larger data set for growing cattle showed that the endogenous faecal losses were similar and there were no special faecal endogenous losses in breeding cattle.

Prediction of Digestibility and Intake of Sheep Fed Leguminosae or GRAMINAE Hays: Comparison Between the in Vitro Digestibility, Kinetics of Gas Production or Dry Matter Degradation

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
M.T. Dentinho ◽  
K. Khazaal ◽  
J.M. Ribeiro ◽  
E.R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Kinetics Of

By using separated values of kinetics of in situ dry matter (DM) degradation or in vitro gas production (Menke and Steingass, 1988) of leguminosae hays, Khazaal et al, (1993) reported high correlation with intake (r= 0.88; r= 0.79) and in vivo DM digestibility (DMD) (r= 0.94; r= 0.88). The aim of the present study was to extend the range of samples used and compare the ability of the 2 stages in vitro digestibility (Tilley and Terry, 1963), the in situ DM degradation or the gas production techniques to predict daily intake (g DM/ kgW0.75) and in vivo DM digestibility (DMD) of 19 leguminous and graminaceous hays fed to sheep.Three harvesting stages (early bloom EB, mid bloom MB or in seed IS) made from lucerne (Medicago sativa), sweet clover (Melilotus segetalis), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), Rye (Secale cereale), Triticale (Triticale hexaploid), oat (Avena stativa) and a pre-bloom (PB) Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ). Each hay was fed ad libitum to 4 Merino male sheep and their intake and in vivo DMD recorded. Gas production (ml/ 200 mg DM) or in situ DM degradation (g/ 100 g DM) were determined as described by Khazaal et al, (1993) after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h incubation. Measured gas production or DM degradation values were fitted to the equation p=a+b(l-e-ct)(McDonald, 1981) where p is gas production or DM degradation at time t and a, b and c are constants. For nylon bag the washing loss (soluble fraction) was defined as A, the insoluble but fermentable matter was defined as B=(a+b)-A, and c is the rate of fermentation or degradation (Ørskov and Ryle, 1990).

Effect of forage particle length on rumen digesta load, packing density and voluntary feed intake by sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Gherardi ◽  
RC Kellaway ◽  
JL Black
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Packing Density ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Particle Length

The effect of forage particle length (4 to 101 mm) on packing density of oesophageal extrusa was investigated following ingestion of chopped wheaten hay by sheep. Packing density of oesophageal extrusa from 4 mm hay was greater than that from hay 21 mm and longer; the difference was associated with smaller particle size and a lower modulus of fineness. There was a significant positive correlation between the intake rate of hay by individual sheep and size of extrusa particles for three of the five forage lengths. The effect of packing density of ingested forage on rumen digesta load and voluntary intake was examined subsequently by feeding sheep hay chopped to either 4 or 21 mm lengths. hducing the particle length of hay from 21 to 4 mm resulted in small increases (P < 0.05) in the intake of dry matter (DM) [26.0 cf. 27.8 g per kg runen digesta-free liveweight (RFLW)] and organic matter (OM) (23.8 cf. 25.5 g per kg RFLW). Increases in intake were paralleled by increases (P < 0.01) in loads of both rumen DM (29.7 cf. 33.9 g per kg RFLW, for 4 and 21 mm hay respectively) and OM (25.2 cf. 29.1 g per kg RFLW). The higher digesta load was associated with higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of DM (133.6 cf. 122.5 g per kg total digesta) and OM (114.9 cf. 103.8 g per kg total digesta) in the rumen, but not with a difference in the measured packing density of particulate matter. The increase in the intake of 4 mm hay was totally attributable to the greater DM load of rumen digesta because the fractional outflow rate of particulate matter was lower for the 4 mm hay (0.55 cf. 0.63/day) and the apparent fractional rate of digestion was similar (0.42 cf. 0.43/day) in sheep fed the two lengths of forage.

scholarly journals Rumen degradation characteristics of two tropical forages supplemented with monensin in the rumen of N’dama Steer

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
R. Y. Aderinboye
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Reduction Effect

Rumen degradation characteristics of Panicum maximum and Gmelina arborea forages in response to monensin supplementation were studied in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment using an Ndama fistulated steer. Monensin had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the soluble fraction 'a' of nutrients but showed reductions (P<0.05) in the degradable fractions b' of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM supplementation levels relative to the control. These reductions were within the range of 45.76 - 49.52, 37.88 - 43.57, 44.60 - 45.31 and 45.18 - 46.85% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. The potenti al degradation 'p' of DM, NDF, and ADF reduced (P<0.05) at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM while p' for CP reduced at 45 mg/kg DM. Forage type had significant effect (P<0.05) on nutrient degradation with Panicum maximum having lower nutrient degradation characteristics values than those of Gmelina arborea. While monens resulted in reduced nutrient degradation from Panicum maximum at 30 and 45 mg/kg DM, reduction in nutrients degradation from Gmelina arborea was observed only at 45 mg/kg DM. Comparatively, at similar levels of 15, 30 and 45 mg of monensin/kg DM, Panicum maximum had lower (P<0.05) degradation values to those observed for Gmelina arborea. The reduction effect of monensin on nutrient degradation from both forages suggests an inhibition of microbial digestion. This could increase rumen fill, reduce ruminal outflow rate and possibly increase the proportion of un-degradable proteins leaving the rumen for the lower tract. The particular level of monensin supplementation at which such reductions would occur depends on forage type  Keywords: , , .

scholarly journals A comparison of the digestion and reduction in particle size of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and Italian ryegrass hay (Loliurn italicurn) in the ovine digestive tract

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Four types of hay were used: an early-cut and a late-cut lucerne (Medicago sativa) and an early-cut and a late-cut ryegrass (Lolium italicum). Digestibility and voluntary intake were measured on six adult sheep maintained in metabolism crates and fed 10% above the previous day's consumption, in equal portions at 08.00 and 16.30 hours. Lucerne intake was higher than that of ryegrass at similar digestibilities. The rate of digestion of the four hays was measured using nylon bags and the rates of digestion of dry matter for late-cut lucerne were faster than those for the late-cut ryegrass. Eleven adult sheep fitted with oesophageal (four), rumen (four) or duodenal (three) fistulas were used for collecting digesta samples at the different sites. They were fed successively with the four hay types. Each was offered to appetite, once daily, in a meal taken over 4 h. The rumen of rumen-fistulated sheep was completely emptied by hand once before feeding (08.00 hours) and once after removal of refusals (12.00 hours). The number of times the ingested hay was chewed during the meal and the time spent masticating was greater for the late-cut hays and greater for the ryegrass compared with the lucerne hays. The particle size of the boluses was greater than that of the rumen contents, which in turn was greater than that of the duodenal contents and faeces. The percentage of particles > 8 mm in the boluses from the ryegrass was higher than that of lucerne, and that of the early-cut ryegrass was greater than that of the late-cut ryegrass. This was also the case for the percentage of particles > 1.6 mm in the rumen contents after the meal. The rate at which dry matter disappeared from the rumen was greatest during the meal except with late-cut ryegrass; it was particularly high with late-cut lucerne, a little less with early-cut ryegrass and much lower with the other two hays. When nylon bags containing food boluses were placed in the rumen, it was apparent that without rumination, with the exception of the very digestible early-cut ryegrass, microbial degradation alone did not reduce the particle size.

Effect of forage type on the digestion of whole barley grain by breeding ewes

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe proportion of whole grain consumed that was voided intact in the faeces of ewes in late pregnancy and early lactation was measured for diets based on a range of forages in two experiments. The proportions of grain voided intact varied widely between ewes and was to some extent a characteristic of the individual ewe. During late pregnancy on hay-based diets the mean proportion of grain recovered was 0·053 with a range from 0·042 to 0·063 while on silage-based diets 0·135 (range 0·082 to 0·209) was recovered. On silage-based diets after lambing 0·196 and 0·235 of grain was voided intact in the faeces. The proportion of intact grain voided was affected by forage intake. The estimated increase in the proportion of grain voided intact was 0·012 measured over a range of forages before lambing and 0·021 on silage after lambing per 100 g increase in dry matter intake. However, when the total digestibility was measured, there were no differences between feeding of whole and processed grain where proportionately 0·06 of whole grain consumed was voided intact.

scholarly journals Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Dry Matter Intake Post-Weaning and Peak Lactation of Black Angus Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Cory T. Parsons ◽  
Julia M. Dafoe ◽  
Samuel A. Wyffels ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Two Stages

We evaluated heifer post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification and cow age on dry matter intake (DMI) at two stages of production. Fifty-nine non-lactating, pregnant, (Study 1) and fifty-four lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) commercial black Angus beef cows were grouped by age and RFI. Free-choice, hay pellets were fed in a GrowSafe feeding system. In Study 1, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.01) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. In Study 2, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.02) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. Milk production displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p < 0.01) where both 5–6-year-old and 8–9-year-old low RFI cows produced more milk than high RFI cows. For both studies, intake and intake behavior were not influenced by RFI (p ≥ 0.16) or cow age × RFI interaction (p ≥ 0.21). In summary, heifer’s post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle DMI or intake behavior, however, some differences were observed in milk production.

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