English proforms: an alternative account

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVELIEN KEIZER
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
Different Levels

In most theoretical and descriptive treatments of English proforms it seems to be accepted that proforms replace constituents in underlying structure (i.e. phrases or clauses). The aim of the present article is to challenge this assumption. It will be demonstrated that a great many fully acceptable uses of proforms turn out to be quite problematic for the view of proforms as corresponding either to constituents or to semantic and/or syntactic units in underlying representation; nor, it turns out, do proforms necessarily refer to or denote a single (identifiable, retrievable or inferrable) entity. After a brief summary of the relevant literature, the article presents a detailed examination of the actual function and use of English proforms, focusing on a number of frequently used proforms: (i) the indefinite pronounone, (ii) the predicative proformdo so, (iii) the demonstrative pronounsthatandthoseand (iv) certain uses of the personal pronounswe/usandyou.On the basis of attested examples, it is argued that these proforms do not necessarily express a unit at any level of underlying representation. Instead an alternative account of the use of proforms is suggested, using the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar, which, with its four different levels of analysis (representing pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological information), possesses the kind of flexibility needed to deal with English proforms in a consistent and unified manner. Finally, an attempt is made to explain some of the constraints on the flexible system proposed.

scholarly journals Modularity and derivation in Functional Discourse Grammar

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Daniel GARCÍA VELASCO
Keyword(s):  
Central Issue ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
External Constraints ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Maximal Depth ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is a typologically-based theory of language structure which is organized in levels, layers and components. In this paper, I will claim that FDG is modular in Sadock’s sense, as it presents four independent levels of representation with their own linguistic primitives each. For modular grammars, the relation between the different levels (more technically, the nature of the interfaces) is a central issue. It will be shown that FDG is a top-down grammar which follows two basic principles in its dynamic implementation: Depth-first and Maximal depth. Together with external constraints, these principles conspire to create linguistic representations which are psychologically adequate and which allow levels to be circumvented if necessary, thus simplifying representations and creating mismatches among them.

scholarly journals Horner’s Syndrome Incidental to Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Excision: Case Report and Brief Literature Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Nicholas S. Mastronikolis ◽  
Sofia P. Spiliopoulou ◽  
Vassiliki Zolota ◽  
Theodoros A. Papadas
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
Horner’S Syndrome ◽  
Nodal Disease ◽  
Horner's Syndrome ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Different Levels

Horner’s syndrome is characterized by a combination of ipsilateral miosis, blepharoptosis, enophthalmos, facial anhidrosis, and iris heterochromia in existence of congenital lesions. The syndrome results from a disruption of the ipsilateral sympathetic innervation of the eye and ocular adnexa at different levels. Though rare, thyroid and neck surgery could be considered as possible causes of this clinical entity. We present a case of Horner’s syndrome in a patient after total thyroidectomy and neck dissection for medullary thyroid cancer with neck nodal disease and attempt a brief review of the relevant literature.

Derivation in the lexicon: The case of Esperanto

Linguistics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
Knowledge Component ◽  
Discourse Grammar

AbstractThis study takes Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) as its theoretical framework, and applies to the phenomena under study the FDG terminology, which may differ from what many readers are used to. Esperanto has an agglutinating morphology. Its words are built on stems which are associated with contentive lexemes in a flexible system of parts of speech. The language has an elaborate stock of lexically dependent morphemes (roots in FDG) for lexeme building. Many basic words are stem-root combinations in Esperanto. The roots applied in them also appear in complex structures, and can be reordered and interchanged easily to produce different complex stems. For this reason, derivation is taken to be hosted in the lexicon. The lexicon must contain a highly developed procedural knowledge component, of which the derivation system is assumed to be a part. Some of the suffixable roots have homonymous variants that define grammatical processes. The combinatorial freedom of roots provides for a lexical expansion tool which is easy to handle, but not without complications. Problematic is the (in)transitivity of lexemes destined to verbal encoding, when applied in an environment that is not naturally theirs. This phenomenon is known to be an important source of mistakes among speakers of the language. It is argued that the lexicon of Esperanto speakers contains paired transitive and intransitive representations of the most current lexemes of this category. The study aims at providing support to better understand the mechanisms at work inside the lexicon and at the interface between the lexicon and the grammar of agglutinating languages.

scholarly journals THE CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP FROM A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Daniela Gabriela COZMA ◽  
◽  
, Margareta Bocancia
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Legitimate Interest ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evaluation And Monitoring

The concept of social entrepreneurship arouses a legitimate interest in both the economic literature and in the social sciences literature. The consideration of the concept of social entrepreneurship results in the identification of some notions from the conceptual area confined to it, such as sustainability, social responsibility, mission, value and social impact. But the definition and understanding of social entrepreneurship necessarily implies the term "social", and, once recognized as defining, this term implies the establishment of the role and contribution of social entrepreneurship in the society, suggesting the solving of several issues in this segment of social practice, such as the issues associated with vulnerable and marginalized groups. Since in the last years, the volume of scientific research in the economic field that addresses the topic of social entrepreneurship has increased dramatically and it is increasingly difficult for researchers to follow the relevant literature in their field, we have used quantitative bibliometric methods that can manage data and filter important works by estimating their impact and discovering the underlying structure of a research field. The purpose was to obtain a representation of the structure of the research area, by dividing the elements (authors of documents, articles, words) into different groups and to revise a certain line of research by using bibliometric methods that allow a quantitative approach for description, evaluation and monitoring of published research.

scholarly journals Multiple Approaches to Problem Posing: Theoretical Considerations Regarding its Definition, Conceptualisation, and Implementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Papadopoulos ◽  
Nafsika Patsiala ◽  
Lukas Baumanns ◽  
Benjamin Rott
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Problem Posing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Mathematical Problem Posing ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Or Modelling

The importance of mathematical problem posing has been acknowledged by many researchers. In this theoretical paper, we want to capture different meanings and aspects of problem posing by approaching it from three different levels: (1) by comparing definitions, (2) by relating it to other constructs, and (3) by referring to research and teaching settings. The first level is an attempt to organise existing definitions of problem posing. The result of this analysis are five categories, which shows that there is no consensus regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing. In the second level, we examine how problem posing is conceived by the research community compared to other mathematical constructs, such as problem solving, mathematical creativity, or modelling. Finally, in the third level, we summarise possible ways of implementing problem posing in research and teaching settings as they are depicted in the relevant literature. Given this broad variance regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing, we attempt to provide some arguments as to whether there is a need for consensus on a commonly accepted concept of problem posing.

scholarly journals La Identificación Del Conocimiento Y Actitudes Del Profesorado Hacia Inclusión De Los Alumnos Con Necesidades Educativas Especiales

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
David Pérez-Jorge ◽  
Olga María Alegre de la Rosa ◽  
María del Carmen Rodríguez-Jiménez ◽  
Yolanda Márquez-Domínguez ◽  
Milagros de la Rosa Hormiga
Keyword(s):  
Content Validity ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Different Levels

This article describes the development and evaluation of a tool to assess knowledge and attitudes of teachers towards inclusion of students with special educational needs (SEN). A questionnaire on attitudes of teachers towards these students was designed paying attention to three different levels: knowledge and attitude towards disability, organization of the educational response created to help students with SEN, and professional skills to adequately respond to the SEN students. The suitability of the instrument was assessed takng into account its content validity, reliability and underlying structure. Six different key dimensions, related to the investigations that have been carried out so far, were analyzed. These dimensions justified, from their theoretical point of view, their value.

scholarly journals A Review of Tools Applied in Processing of Medical Images

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Anandakumar Haldorai ◽  
Shrinand Anandakumar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Biomedical Imaging ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Therapy Treatment ◽  
Analyze Data

The segmentation step of therapy treatment includes a detailed examination of medical imaging. In diagnosis, clinical research, and patient management, medical pictures are mainly utilized as radiographic methods. Image processing software for medical imaging is also crucial. It is possible to improve and speed up the analysis of a medical picture using a bioMIP technique. This article presents a biomedical imaging software tool that aims to provide a similar level of programmability while investigating pipelined processor solutions. These tools mimic entire systems made up of many of the recommended processing segment within the setups categorized by the schematic framework. In this paper, 15 biomedical imaging technologies will be evaluated on a number of different levels. The comparison's primary goal is to collect and analyze data in order to suggest which medical image program should be used when analyzing various kinds of imaging to users of various operating systems. The article included a result table that was reviewed.

Assessment of e-health towards the Norwegian implementation of the FACT model (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erlend Bønes ◽  
Conceição Granja ◽  
Terje Solvoll
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
Health Regulations ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Different Levels

BACKGROUND FACT (Flexible Assertive Community Treatment) is a model for treatment of long-term mental illness. This method has become more widespread in Norway. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to examine how the implementation of FACT teams in Norway has been affected by e-health policy, infrastructure, and regulations. Another object was to examine existing literature on e-health interventions and challenges within FACT teams. METHODS We have examined Norwegian policy regulating mental health services, laws and regulations, e-health infrastructure, relevant literature on FACT teams, and current implementation of FACT in Norway. RESULTS FACT teams are a wanted part of the Norwegian service system, but the current e-health infrastructure makes sharing of data within teams challenging, even if e-health regulations allow such sharing. There is little or no existing research on the e-health challenges facing FACT teams. CONCLUSIONS Weaknesses in the Norwegian e-health infrastructure have been a barrier for an easy implementation of FACT teams in Norway. It is difficult to share information between the different levels of health care. We need systems that allow for easy, secure sharing of health data to and between the FACT team members and other involved healthcare personnel.

scholarly journals A’ingae (Cofán/Kofán) Operators

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-355
Author(s):  
Kees Hengeveld ◽  
Rafael Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
The One

Abstract The aim of this paper is to show how the TAME system of A'ingae, a language isolate spoken in Colombia and Ecuador, can be captured within the theoretical framework of Functional Discourse Grammar. An important prediction in this theory is that the surface order of TAME expressions reflects the scope relations between them in their underlying representation. An initial analysis reveals that, with three exceptions, the A'ingae TAME system confirms this prediction. Closer inspection of the three exceptions, which concern basic illocution, evidentiality, and quantificational aspect, then reveals that on the one hand, the theoretical model has to be adapted, while on the other hand some of the A'ingae facts allow for an alternative interpretation.

Ethics, Neuromarketing and Marketing Research With Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Bulley ◽  
Mahama Braimah ◽  
Florence E. Blankson
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Ethical Approach ◽  
Unethical Practices ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Policy Mechanisms ◽  
Different Levels

This article describes how a new budding method opens up the avenue for debate to generate ideas and thoughts around its ethical grounding, especially with its application on children. This purpose should be addressed to ensure a pluralistic ethical approach to dealing with children as respondents in research. Relevant literature and theoretical findings on ethics, marketing research, neuromarketing and neuroethics as well as the most common and applied ethical policies are reviewed systematically and presented. Interspersed with this method is a comprehensive evaluation of current debates and cases on ethics and children. The use of research ethics regulatory and policy mechanisms and its harmonisation at different levels with other neuroethics codes could reduce unethical practices. Accordingly, the emphasis on children's protection (in terms of cognitive manipulations) with neuromarketing research should be paramount. The knowledge gained through this research should ideally facilitate the process of advancing ethical concerns to promote statutory policy in the light of neuromarketing techniques.

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