The Contribution of Bilingualism to Cognitive Functioning and Regional Brain Volume in Normal and Abnormal Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Valeria L. Torres ◽  
Mónica Rosselli ◽  
David A. Loewenstein ◽  
Merike Lang ◽  
Idaly Vélez-Uribe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Category Fluency ◽  
Regional Brain Volume

Abstract We examined the association between bilingualism, executive function (EF), and brain volume in older monolinguals and bilinguals who spoke English, Spanish, or both, and were cognitively normal (CN) or diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. Gray matter volume (GMV) was higher in language and EF brain regions among bilinguals, but no differences were found in memory regions. Neuropsychological performance did not vary across language groups over time; however, bilinguals exhibited reduced Stroop interference and lower scores on Digit Span Backwards and category fluency. Higher scores on Digit Span Backwards were associated with a younger age of English acquisition, and a greater degree of balanced bilingualism was associated with lower scores in category fluency. The initial age of cognitive decline did not differ between language groups. The influence of bilingualism appears to be reflected in increased GMV in language and EF regions, and to a lesser degree, in EF.

scholarly journals Moral Values Are Associated with Individual Differences in Regional Brain Volume

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Lewis ◽  
Ryota Kanai ◽  
Timothy C. Bates ◽  
Geraint Rees
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Sentiment ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Regional Brain Volume

Moral sentiment has been hypothesized to reflect evolved adaptations to social living. If so, individual differences in moral values may relate to regional variation in brain structure. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 70 young, healthy adults examining whether differences on two major dimensions of moral values were significantly associated with regional gray matter volume. The two clusters of moral values assessed were “individualizing” (values of harm/care and fairness) and “binding” (deference to authority, in-group loyalty, and purity/sanctity). Individualizing was positively associated with left dorsomedial pFC volume and negatively associated with bilateral precuneus volume. For binding, a significant positive association was found for bilateral subcallosal gyrus and a trend to significance for the left anterior insula volume. These findings demonstrate that variation in moral sentiment reflects individual differences in brain structure and suggest a biological basis for moral sentiment, distributed across multiple brain regions.

scholarly journals Effects of 24-Week Exergame Intervention on the Gray Matter Volume of Different Brain Structures in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Leon-Llamas ◽  
Santos Villafaina ◽  
Alvaro Murillo-Garcia ◽  
Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz ◽  
Narcis Gusi
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Left And Right

Background: Exergame-induced changes in the volume of brain gray matter have not been studied in fibromyalgia (FM). This study evaluates the effects of a 24-week exergame-based intervention on the gray matter volume of different brain structures in patients with FM through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: A total of 25 FM patients completed 24 weeks of intervention program, and another 25 FM patients did not receive any intervention. T1-weighted MRI was used to assess brain volume, and FreeSurfer software was used to segment the brain regions. Results: No significant effects on gray matter volume of different structures and total gray matter were found. Conclusions: FM patients did not show significant changes in gray matter brain volume between the control and experimental groups after 24 weeks. FM patients showed significant relationships between peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and the left and right regions of the hippocampus and the left and right regions of the amygdala.

scholarly journals Voxel-based correlation of 18F-THK5351 accumulation and gray matter volume in the brain of cognitively normal older adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Shigemoto ◽  
Daichi Sone ◽  
Miho Ota ◽  
Norihide Maikusa ◽  
Masayo Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Gray-Matter Expansion of Social Brain Networks in Individuals High in Public Self-Consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Tomoyo Morita ◽  
Minoru Asada ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Public Self Consciousness

Self-consciousness is a personality trait associated with an individual’s concern regarding observable (public) and unobservable (private) aspects of self. Prompted by previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, we examined possible gray-matter expansions in emotion-related and default mode networks in individuals with higher public or private self-consciousness. One hundred healthy young adults answered the Japanese version of the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS) questionnaire and underwent structural MRI. A voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed that individuals scoring higher on the public SCS showed expansions of gray matter in the emotion-related regions of the cingulate and insular cortices and in the default mode network of the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex. In addition, these gray-matter expansions were particularly related to the trait of “concern about being evaluated by others”, which was one of the subfactors constituting public self-consciousness. Conversely, no relationship was observed between gray-matter volume in any brain regions and the private SCS scores. This is the first study showing that the personal trait of concern regarding public aspects of the self may cause long-term substantial structural changes in social brain networks.

Brain Volume Loss During the First Year of Interferon-Beta Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis: Baseline Inflammation and Regional Brain Volume Dynamics

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Vidal-Jordana ◽  
Jaume Sastre-Garriga ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Miralles ◽  
Deborah Pareto ◽  
Jordi Rio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
First Year ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Brain Volume Loss ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Regional Brain Volume

IC-P-030: The influence of AD family history and ApoE4 on vulnerable brain regions in cognitively normal middle-aged adults

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. S667-S667
Author(s):  
Sterling C. Johnson ◽  
Taylor W. Schmitz ◽  
Michele L. Ries ◽  
Mehul A. Trivedi ◽  
Craig Atwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Sleep Duration, Sleep Apnea, and Gray Matter Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 089198872098891
Author(s):  
Regina Eun Young Kim ◽  
Robert Douglas Abbott ◽  
Soriul Kim ◽  
Robert Joseph Thomas ◽  
Chang-Ho Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Bootstrap Sampling ◽  
Matter Volume

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sleep duration on brain structures in the presence versus absence of sleep apnea in middle-aged and older individuals. The study investigated a population-based sample of 2,560 individuals, aged 49-80 years. The presence of sleep apnea and self-reported sleep duration were examined in relation to gray matter volume (GMV) in total and lobar brain regions. We identified ranges of sleep duration associated with maximal GMV using quadratic regression and bootstrap sampling. A significant quadratic association between sleep duration and GMV was observed in total and lobar brain regions of men with sleep apnea. In the fully adjusted model, optimal sleep durations associated with peak GMV between brain regions ranged from 6.7 to 7.0 hours. Shorter and longer sleep durations were associated with lower GMV in total and 4 sub-regions of the brain in men with sleep apnea.

Absence of regional brain volume change in schizophrenia associated with short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. McClure ◽  
Khary Carew ◽  
Stacy Greeter ◽  
Emily Maushauer ◽  
Grant Steen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotic ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Regional Brain Volume
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