An updated review of worldwide levels of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in human breast milk by region

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in human breast milk worldwide by country, region and socio-economic status.DesignDescriptive review conducted on English publications reporting breast-milk DHA and AA levels.SettingWe systematically searched and identified eligible literature in PubMed from January 1980 to July 2015. Data on breast-milk DHA and AA levels from women who had given birth to term infants were included.SubjectsSeventy-eight studies from forty-one countries were included with 4163 breast-milk samples of 3746 individuals.ResultsWorldwide mean levels of DHA and AA in breast milk were 0·37 (sd0·11) % and 0·55 (sd0·14) % of total fatty acids, respectively. The breast-milk DHA levels from women with accessibility to marine foods were significantly higher than those from women without accessibility (0·35 (sd0·20) %v. 0·25 (sd0·14) %,P<0·05). Data from the Asian region showed the highest DHA concentration but much lower AA concentration in breast milk compared with all other regions, independent of accessibility to marine foods. Comparison was made among Canada, Poland and Japan – three typical countries (each with sample size of more than 100 women) from different regions but all with high income and similar accessibility to fish/marine foods.ConclusionsThe current review provides an update on worldwide variation in breast-milk DHA and AA levels and underlines the need for future population- or region-specific investigations.

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Polyamines in human breast milk for preterm and term infants

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512005284 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 524-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Plaza-Zamora ◽

M. Sabater-Molina ◽

M. Rodríguez-Palmero ◽

M. Rivero ◽

V. Bosch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Gut Development ◽

Human Breast ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Term Infants ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Preterm Babies ◽

Transition Milk

Maternal milk is the first source of exogenous polyamines for the newborn. Polyamines modulate gut maturation in neonates, but no studies are available on polyamine concentration in human milk of preterm babies, even though they could be important for their immature gut. The present study aimed to determine polyamine concentration in human breast milk of mothers with preterm or term infants during the first month of lactation. Human milk samples were obtained during the first month of lactation from twenty-seven mothers with preterm babies and twelve mothers with babies born at term. The polyamine concentration in human milk was quantified by HPLC. During the first month of lactation, the total polyamine concentration was significantly higher in preterm milk than in term milk samples (7590 (sd 4990) v. 4660 (sd 4830) nmol/l, respectively (P =0·034)), as well as individual polyamine concentrations. Polyamine concentration in mature milk for preterm babies was significantly higher than that in mature milk for babies at term, and a similar trend was observed in colostrum and transition human milk. The spermidine/spermine ratio was higher in transition milk in preterm v. term samples, while in mature milk, the ratio was significantly lower in preterm than in term babies. In conclusion, the polyamine concentration was significantly higher in human milk for preterm than for term infants. This and the different spermidine/spermine ratios could influence the gut development of premature babies.

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Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

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Excretion of Iohexol and Metrizoate in Human Breast Milk

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/028418518702800505 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 523-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. T. Nielsen ◽

I. Matheson ◽

J. N. Rasmussen ◽

K. Skinnemoen ◽

E. Andrew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Low Dose ◽

Decay Curve ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Slow Decay ◽

Contrast Medium Injection

Six lactating women undergoing contrast media examination had milk and blood taken to determine the rate and extent of excretion of iohexol (Omnipaque) (four mothers) and metrizoate (Isopaque) (two mothers). Blood samples were taken up to 45 minutes and milk samples up to 48 hours after the contrast medium injection. The excretion was low, reaching a maximum at 3 to 6 hours and showing a slow decay curve (t 1/2 = 15 to 108 hours). One mother, who was weaning her baby, showed a different excretion pattern. The amount excreted during 24 hours was about 0.5 per cent of the weight adjusted maternal dose for both iohexol and metrizoate. It is not likely, that such a low dose of poorly absorbed drug would cause any adverse effects in the infant, unless it is hypersensitive to the drug already. The authors consider breast feeding to be acceptable for mothers receiving iohexol or metrizoate.

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Nano-HPLC-HRMS Analysis to Evaluate Leptin Level in Milk Samples: A Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10176135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 6135

Author(s):

Federica Dal Bello ◽

Enrica Mecarelli ◽

Daniela Gastaldi ◽

Francesco Savino ◽

Claudio Medana

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Limit Of Quantitation

Leptin is a 16 kDa lipophilic protein hormone secreted by adipocytes and its most significant function is to inform the brain with negative feedback that regulates food intake. Recently the protein found in human breast milk was related to breast feeding and onset of obesity, and the evidence of a low probability to develop pediatric obesity in children fed with breast milk was also confirmed. Since leptin could have a critical role, its quantitation both in human breast, bovine milk and in infant formula products is interesting. For this reason, we developed an analytical method based on immunoaffinity purification followed by an analysis with nano-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analyzer (nano-HPLC-HRMS) to identify and quantify leptin in milk samples and performed a pilot study using samples of human breast milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. With an obtained lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 100 ng mL−1 we quantified leptin in human breast milk finding an average of 6.70 ng mL−1. Our results show that leptin was under LLOQ both in bovine milk and in infant formula products. In conclusion, the developed analytical method here described was suitable to quantify leptin in milk samples with a good sensitivity and selectivity, and without the use of radioactive reagents.

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Mycobiome Profiles in Breast Milk from Healthy Women Depend on Mode of Delivery, Geographic Location, and Interaction with Bacteria

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02994-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Alba Boix-Amorós ◽

Fernando Puente-Sánchez ◽

Elloise du Toit ◽

Kaisa M. Linderborg ◽

Yumei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Potential Role ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Its1 Region ◽

Milk Samples

ABSTRACTRecent studies report the presence of fungal species in breast milk of healthy mothers, suggesting a potential role in infant mycobiome development. In the present work, we aimed to determine whether the healthy human breast milk mycobiota is influenced by geographical location and mode of delivery, as well as to investigate its interaction with bacterial profiles in the same samples. A total of 80 mature breast milk samples from 4 different countries were analyzed by Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, joining the 18S and 5.8S regions of the fungal rRNA region. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were found to be the dominant phyla, withMalasseziaandDavidiellabeing the most prevalent genera across countries. A core formed byMalassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, andPenicilliumwas shared in the milk samples from the different origins, although specific shifts in mycobiome composition were associated with geographic location and delivery mode. The presence of fungi in the breast milk samples was further confirmed by culture and isolate characterization, and fungal loads were estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the fungal ITS1 region. Cooccurrence network analysis of bacteria and fungi showed complex interactions that were influenced by geographical location, mode of delivery, maternal age, and pregestational body mass index. The presence of a breast milk mycobiome was confirmed in all samples analyzed, regardless of the geographic origin.IMPORTANCEDuring recent years, human breast milk has been documented as a potential source of bacteria for the newborn. Recently, we have reported the presence of fungi in breast milk from healthy mothers. It is well known that environmental and perinatal factors can affect milk bacteria; however, the impact on milk fungi is still unknown. The current report describes fungal communities (mycobiota) in breast milk samples across different geographic locations and the influence of the mode of delivery. We also provide novel insights on bacterium-fungus interactions, taking into account environmental and perinatal factors. We identified a core of four genera shared across locations, consisting ofMalassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, andPenicillium, which have been reported to be present in the infant gut. Our data confirm the presence of fungi in breast milk across continents and support the potential role of breast milk in the initial seeding of fungal species in the infant gut.

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Ochratoxin A: Is it present in human breast milk samples obtained mothers from Ankara, Turkey

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.498 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 189 ◽

pp. S232 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aylin Gürbay ◽

Gözde Girgin ◽

Suna Atasayar Sabuncuoğlu ◽

Gönül Şahin ◽

Murat Yurdakök ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples

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PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human breast milk samples collected in Tokyo, Japan

Acta Paediatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02723.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 1098-1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

M Tajimi ◽

M Watanabe ◽

I Oki ◽

T Ojima ◽

Y Nakamura

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples

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COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is not detected in human milk

10.1101/2021.03.05.21252998 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yarden Golan ◽

Mary Prahl ◽

Arianna Cassidy ◽

Christine Y. Lin ◽

Nadav Ahituv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

High Risk ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Milk Samples

AbstractSeveral countries have recently approved the use of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 under an emergency use authorization. However, no pregnant or lactating individuals were included in the Phase 3 clinical trials of these vaccines despite belonging to a group at high risk for severe complications of COVID-19 infection. We show here that the mRNA from anti-COVID BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines is not detected in human breast milk samples collected 4-48 hours post-vaccine. These results strengthen the recommendation of ABM and WHO that lactating individuals who receive the anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccine should continue to breastfeed their infants uninterrupted.

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Comparison of DAD and FLD Detection for Identification of Selected Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples and Their Quantitative Analysis by LC-MS/MS

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 1029-1042

Author(s):

Tomasz Tuzimski ◽

Szymon Szubartowski ◽

Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch ◽

Andrzej Miturski ◽

Monika Wójtowicz-Marzec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Array Detector ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Fluorescence Detector ◽

Detection Techniques ◽

Milk Samples

Abstract Background Determination of bisphenols released from packaging material is undoubtedly a difficult and tricky task, requiring the chemical analyst to develop an individual approach to obtain reliable analytical information. Objective QuECHERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)/dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with modern detection techniques such as diode-array detector (DAD), ﬂuorescence detector (FLD) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), 2-[[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2yl]phenoxy] methyl]oxirane (BADGE), 3-[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*H2O), 3-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*2H2O), 1-Chloro-3-[4-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl] propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propan-2-ol (BADGE*2HCl) in human breast milk samples have been performed. Methods For the analysis of total analytes, prior to the extraction with acetonitrile, a deconjugation step was implemented in a tube by adding 1 mL of the enzymatic solution with the β-Glucuronidase to 5 mL of sample. The mix was homogenized and incubated for 17 h at 37°C. Ten milliliters of acetonitrile, and a QuEChERS salt packet with 4 g anhydrous MgSO4 and 1 g NaCl were added. During the d-SPE step the extract was transferred into tube with 30 mg Z-Sep and 50 mg PSA (and also 150 mg MgSO4 for LC-MS/MS analysis). MeOH–water (20:80, v/v) were added to the dry residue and the extract was reconstituted in 150 µL (25-fold analytes pre-concentration is achieved). Next bisphenols were identified by HPLC-DAD-FLD and quantified by LC-MS/MS equipment. Conclusions During the bisphenols HPLC-DAD-FLD analysis, from 6 min a reinforcement of 15 was used, which allowed analytes to be identified at 750 pg/mL. Application of LC-MS/MS allowed quantification of bisphenols in the range from 2.12 to 116.22 ng/mL in a total 27 human breast milk samples. Highlights First QuEChERS/d-SPE coupled with HPLC-DAD-FLD or LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk Faster and cheaper alternative to traditional extraction methods The method was applied for the first biomonitoring of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk.

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