Effectiveness Of Immunolabeling Gfap For Estimating Astrocytic Shape And Volume

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1340-1341
Author(s):  
E. Bushong ◽  
M. E. Martone ◽  
C. Foster ◽  
M. H. Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Transport Of Ions ◽  
Labeling Pattern

Each astrocyte forms an extensive network of fine processes within the surrounding neural tissue, interacting extensively with neighboring neurons and blood vessels. Fine glial processes surround synapses and probably modulate synaptic transmission. Glial endfeet on capillaries are responsible for transport of ions and metabolites and possibly control blood flow. Alterations in these fine structures may be of significance in brain function and disease. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament found in astrocytes of the central nervous system. GFAP is commonly found in the perikarya and processes of protoplasmic and fibrous type astrocytes. Immunohistochemical labeling of GFAP is extensively used as a means of determining the location and shape of astrocytes. However, its labeling pattern varies with brain region (e.g. cortex vs. hippocampus), with cell state (natural vs. reactive astrocytes), and with the specific α- GFAP antibody used. Furthermore, Golgi-stained or dye-filled astrocytes show numerous small appendages or vellate structures that conform to the surrounding tissue and do not stain for GFAP.

Gut–brain axis biochemical signalling from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system: gut dysbiosis and altered brain function

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (1114) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borros M Arneth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundThe gut–brain axis facilitates a critical bidirectional link and communication between the brain and the gut. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of interactions in the gut–brain axis, with a particular focus on intestinal functions, the nervous system and the brain. Furthermore, researchers have examined the effects of the gut microbiome on mental health and psychiatric well-being.The present study reviewed published evidence to explore the concept of the gut–brain axis.AimsThis systematic review investigated the relationship between human brain function and the gut–brain axis.MethodsTo achieve these objectives, peer-reviewed articles on the gut–brain axis were identified in various electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CIHAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO.ResultsData obtained from previous studies showed that the gut–brain axis links various peripheral intestinal functions to brain centres through a broad range of processes and pathways, such as endocrine signalling and immune system activation. Researchers have found that the vagus nerve drives bidirectional communication between the various systems in the gut–brain axis. In humans, the signals are transmitted from the liminal environment to the central nervous system.ConclusionsThe communication that occurs in the gut–brain axis can alter brain function and trigger various psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, elucidation of the gut–brain axis is critical for the management of certain psychiatric and mental disorders.

scholarly journals Infectious immunity in the central nervous system and brain function

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn S Klein ◽  
Charise Garber ◽  
Nicole Howard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Infectious Immunity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Physiology of Astroglia

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Development And Aging

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.

Foundations of Neuropsychiatry

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-253
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Harvard Medical School ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Entities

Gives the facts and correlation needed to understand the simple workings of the central nervous system. Serves as a preface to start the student with three dimensional orientation towards neurology and psychiatry, leading up to a description of the principal disease entities. The chapters on cerebral blood flow, the types of neurons in the autonomic system and the motor areas of the cerebral cortex have been largely rewritten. The author is Bullard Professor of Neuropathology, Harvard Medical School and Psychiatrist in Chief, Massachusetts General Hospital.

Changes in Porteus Maze Scores of Brain-Operated Schizophrenics After an Eight-Year Interval

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (444) ◽  
pp. 967-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Smith
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Subjective Estimates

The voluminous literature reporting the effects of cortical lesions has shown contradictory and diverse findings from the earliest studies to the present (Franz, 1907; Klebanoff, 1945; Klebanoff, Singer and Wilensky, 1954; Meyer, 1957). Some investigators found no losses in intellectual function regardless of the locus of the lesion; others, a temporary loss followed by recovery of original capacity. Still others have reported significant losses following brain damage in the forebrain or other portions of the central nervous system. But for investigators in all three categories, what did “brain damage” consist of? The neurologists Brain and Strauss have observed “The study of psychological problems without an adequate knowledge of the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system can be likened to the exploration of the uncharted seas without the aid of a compass; and yet there are many psychologists who undertake the rash venture” (1955, p. vi). And what of the criteria on which the conclusions were based? An additional source of ambiguity is indicated by the fact that the overwhelming majority of conclusions on “mental” changes by psychiatrists and neurologists have generally been based on clinical or subjective estimates.Measurement, a crucial factor in any study, is of special importance in studies of brain damage and brain function, although despite a multiplicity of tests, there are few measures designed with attention to their unique problems. Tests employed in many psychological studies of brain damage were originally oriented toward quite different problems and had been carefully developed and standardized on non-brain damaged populations.

scholarly journals CLINICAL СASE OF INFLUENZA A(H1N1) COMPLICATED WITH ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
T. A. Chebotareva ◽  
E. P. Koval ◽  
M. A. Antsupova ◽  
A. V. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The defeat of the central nervous system in influenza reflects the properties of both the pathogen itself and the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the influenza infectious process.  Existing modern  theories do not fully explain the pathological conditions of influenza in the central nervous system, which is still accompanied by ambiguous clinical arguments about the direct cytopathic effect of the influenza virus on neural tissue with the development of encephalitis. Another rare complication of the flu is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The autoimmune mechanism of the development of this disease is universally recognized, despite the continuing difficulties of diagnosis in the absence of oligoclonal antibodies in blood plasma and spinal cerebral fluid in the majority of patients.

HVEM of Central Nervous System Tissue: Localization of the Site of Physiologic Measures

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 586-587
Author(s):  
J. N. Turner ◽  
J. W. Swann ◽  
R. J. Brady ◽  
D. O. Carpenter ◽  
D. N. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Central Nervous System Tissue ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiologic Parameter ◽  
Simple Systems

The correlation of physiology and ultrastructure is critical to many areas of neurobiology, but is usually possible only in “simple” systems, (neuromuscular junction, isolated invertebrate or lower vertebrate preparation or in culture). Such correlation is difficult in the central nervous system (CNS) due to its complex microanatomy, large number of synapses on each neuron and lack of techniques for finding specific sites, (e.g. presynaptic terminals buried in a mass of tissue). We are developing specimen labeling and preparation methods to mark the site at which a physiologic parameter has been measured or manipulated by a microelectrode. The marker must be either electron dense or fluorescent - the former is preferred. It must bind to the cell surface without excessive diffusion into surrounding tissue, and it must be visible during block trimming and sectioning, to form a traceable link from the macroscopic to the ultrastructure.

OPTIMIZATION TREATMENT METHODS OF ACQUIRED NEUROSENSOR HEARING AID

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Nilufar Khushvakova ◽  
◽  
Gulrukh Davronova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Group 2

As a result of the research, it was shown that complex treatment with the preparation of cytoflavin leads to an improvement in cerebral circulation and coronary blood flow, activates metabolic processes in the central nervous system, contributes to a more pronounced regression of neurological symptoms in the main group 2 to 3 times compared to the control group.

scholarly journals Poor reliability of immunocytochemical localization of IgG in immersion-fixed tissue from the central nervous system.

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Fabian
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fixation Interval

The effect of fixation technique and post mortem-to-fixation interval in immersion-fixed tissue from the central nervous system on immunocytochemical staining for the presence of an immunoglobulin was determined in mice. Immersion-fixed tissue was found to be inferior to perfusion-fixed tissue for immunocytochemical staining of this serum protein. Unlike what has been observed for other antigens, the quality of staining for IgG in immersion-fixed tissue decreased to unacceptable levels if the post mortem-to-fixation interval was increased to more than a few hours. This effect may be secondary to the rapid post-mortem disintegration of the blood-brain barrier and a resulting diffusion of serum proteins into surrounding tissue from the vasculature.

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