Three-Dimensional Synchrotron Virtual Paleohistology: A New Insight into the World of Fossil Bone Microstructures

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Sanchez ◽  
Per E. Ahlberg ◽  
Katherine M. Trinajstic ◽  
Alessandro Mirone ◽  
Paul Tafforeau
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Acquisition Strategies ◽  
Submicron Scale ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
3D Information

AbstractThe recent developments of phase-contrast synchrotron imaging techniques have been of great interest for paleontologists, providing three-dimensional (3D) tomographic images of anatomical structures, thereby leading to new paleobiological insights and the discovery of new species. However, until now, it has not been used on features smaller than 5–7 μm voxel size in fossil bones. Because much information is contained within the 3D histological architecture of bone, including an ontogenetic record, crucial for understanding the paleobiology of fossil species, the application of phase-contrast synchrotron tomography to bone at higher resolutions is potentially of great interest. Here we use this technique to provide new 3D insights into the submicron-scale histology of fossil and recent bones, based on the development of new pink-beam configurations, data acquisition strategies, and improved processing tools. Not only do the scans reveal by nondestructive means all of the major features of the histology at a resolution comparable to that of optical microscopy, they provide 3D information that cannot be obtained by any other method.

Three-Dimensional Characterization of the Microstructure of Bioglass/Polyethylene Composite by X-Ray Microtomography

2007 ◽  
Vol 330-332 ◽  
pp. 503-506
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei Fu ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
E.S. Thian ◽  
Serena Best ◽  
William Bonfield
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polyethylene Composite ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
3D Information

A Bioglass® reinforced polyethylene (Bioglass®/polyethylene) composite has been prepared, which combines the high bioactivity of Bioglass® and the toughness of polyethylene. The spatial distribution of Bioglass® particles within the composite is important for the performance of composites in-vivo. Recent developments in X-ray microtomography (XμT) have made it possible to visualize internal and microstructural details with different X-ray absorbencies, nondestructively, and to acquire 3D information at high spatial resolution. In this study, the volume fraction and 3D spatial distribution of Bioglass® particles has been acquired quantitatively by XμT. The information obtained provides a foundation for understanding the mechanical and bioactive properties of the Bioglass®/polyethylene composites.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional virtual histology of human cerebellum by X-ray phase-contrast tomography

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (27) ◽  
pp. 6940-6945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Töpperwien ◽  
Franziska van der Meer ◽  
Christine Stadelmann ◽  
Tim Salditt
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Segmentation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Cerebellum ◽  
Conventional Histology ◽  
3D Information ◽  
Phase Contrast Tomography

To quantitatively evaluate brain tissue and its corresponding function, knowledge of the 3D cellular distribution is essential. The gold standard to obtain this information is histology, a destructive and labor-intensive technique where the specimen is sliced and examined under a light microscope, providing 3D information at nonisotropic resolution. To overcome the limitations of conventional histology, we use phase-contrast X-ray tomography with optimized optics, reconstruction, and image analysis, both at a dedicated synchrotron radiation endstation, which we have equipped with X-ray waveguide optics for coherence and wavefront filtering, and at a compact laboratory source. As a proof-of-concept demonstration we probe the 3D cytoarchitecture in millimeter-sized punches of unstained human cerebellum embedded in paraffin and show that isotropic subcellular resolution can be reached at both setups throughout the specimen. To enable a quantitative analysis of the reconstructed data, we demonstrate automatic cell segmentation and localization of over 1 million neurons within the cerebellar cortex. This allows for the analysis of the spatial organization and correlation of cells in all dimensions by borrowing concepts from condensed-matter physics, indicating a strong short-range order and local clustering of the cells in the granular layer. By quantification of 3D neuronal “packing,” we can hence shed light on how the human cerebellum accommodates 80% of the total neurons in the brain in only 10% of its volume. In addition, we show that the distribution of neighboring neurons in the granular layer is anisotropic with respect to the Purkinje cell dendrites.

Computational fluid dynamics in a model of the total cavopulmonary connection reconstructed using magnetic resonance images

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (S3) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Socci ◽  
Francesca Gervaso ◽  
Francesco Migliavacca ◽  
Giancarlo Pennati ◽  
Gabriele Dubini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Total Cavopulmonary Connection ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cavopulmonary Connection

The recent developments in imaging techniques have created new opportunities to give an accurate description of the three-dimensional morphology of vessels. Such three-dimensional reconstruction of anatomical structures from medical images has achieved importance in several applications, such as the reconstruction of human bones, spine portions, and vascular districts.

scholarly journals Noninvasive 3D Structural Analysis of Arthropod by Synchrotron X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengkun Yao ◽  
Yunbing Zong ◽  
Jiadong Fan ◽  
Zhibin Sun ◽  
Huaidong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Phase Retrieval ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Phase Contrast Tomography

X-ray imaging techniques significantly advanced our understanding of materials and biology, among which phase contrast X-ray microscopy has obvious advantages in imaging biological specimens which have low contrast by conventional absorption contrast microscopy. In this paper, three-dimensional microstructure of arthropod with high contrast has been demonstrated by synchrotron X-ray in-line phase contrast tomography. The external morphology and internal structures of an earthworm were analyzed based upon tomographic reconstructions with and without phase retrieval. We also identified and characterized various fine structural details such as the musculature system, the digestive system, the nervous system, and the circulatory system. This work exhibited the high efficiency, high precision, and wide potential applications of synchrotron X-ray phase contrast tomography in nondestructive investigation of low-density materials and biology.

Microcracks in Carbon/Carbon Composites: A Microtomography Investigation using Synchrotron Radiation

2001 ◽  
Vol 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Paris ◽  
Herwig Peterlik ◽  
Dieter Loidl ◽  
Christoph Rau ◽  
Timm Weitkamp
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Carbon Composites ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Crack Network ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
3D Information

AbstractThe mechanical properties of brittle matrix composites such as carbon/carbon (C/C) are closely related to the generation and propagation of microcracks. A better understanding of the role of microcracking requires a quantification of the three-dimensional morphology of the crack network. In this study we demonstrate that phase contrast microtomography using synchrotron radiation is a unique tool to get 3D information about cracks in C/C. This is shown for three different C/C specimens subjected to different final heat treatment temperatures (HTT). The results are discussed qualitatively with respect to the influence of HTT on the distribution of microcracks and their relevance for the mechanical properties of C/C.

scholarly journals MRI–Compatible Fluid-Powered Medical Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (06) ◽  
pp. S13-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ueda ◽  
David B. Comber ◽  
Jonathon Slightam ◽  
Melih Turkseven ◽  
Vito Gervasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Mri Environment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
End Use ◽  
Future Work

This article introduces recent developments and challenges related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible medical devices. Recent advances in fluid-powered medical devices are described, including a needle steering robot for neurosurgery and a haptic device for hemiplegia rehabilitation. Recent three-dimensional printing technologies for fabricating integrated fluid-powered robots are also reported. The use of additive manufacturing conjoined with modern digital imaging techniques allow for the customization of components, a trait that is generally needed in medical implants and devices. Furthermore, the materials that are available in additive processes allow for direct end-use production of customized components and devices. In addition, the polymer-based materials have an inherently low permeability, allowing for use in an MRI environment while not causing imaging interference. Presently, selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography, and extrusion processes illustrate and suggest that they offer the greatest promise in MRI compatible end-use components. Future work is aimed at using Additive Manufacturing (AM) to develop inherently safe, compact, MRI compatible medical devices.

Recent Developments in Confocal Raman Microprobing and Imaging Techniques

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 813-814
Author(s):  
Dhamelincourt Paul
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Spectroscopic Instrumentation ◽  
Confocal Technique

This communication presents a summary of the most recent developments in microRaman instrumentation - point analysis and imaging techniques- including the use of confocal optics and line illumination, as now available in certain commercial instruments.The major development in micro-Raman spectroscopic instrumentation during the last few years is based on the extension of the principles of confocal microscopy. Applied to Raman microprobing the confocal technique provides an efficient way to obtain interference-free Raman spectra, as well as two-or three-dimensional, selective images of small specimens embedded within strong scatterers or fluorescent transparent media. As it is well known, the confocal configuration benefits from the use of spatial filtering by optically conjugated pinhole diaphragms. Such a system isolates the light originating from a small region of the sample coincident with the diffraction-limited, focused laser spot, and efficiently eliminates the contributions from out-of-focus zones.A new concept of Raman imaging that benefits from the advantages of confocal microscopy has been developed in this laboratory.

Three-Dimensional Imaging in Vascular Surgery

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Gurajala ◽  
Milind Desai ◽  
Tara M. Mastracci
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Noninvasive Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aortic Disease ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Ct And Mri

Managing complex aortic disease is one of the major challenges facing vascular surgery. With the advent of endovascular technology over the last two decades, there has been a rapid adoption of minimally invasive techniques allowing for the treatment of more complex disease. For many aortic disorders, the endovascular approach has replaced open surgery. This increases the preoperative imaging demands as accurate preoperative imaging, intraoperative assistance, and stringent postoperative surveillance have all become imperative. In diagnosing and planning management of aortic disease, digital subtraction angiography, which was once considered to be the gold standard, has been replaced by noninvasive imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although there are other noninvasive imaging techniques, such as duplex ultrasonography and echocardiography, images thus acquired do not provide an anatomic overview and the possibility of treatment planning. Additionally, the information collected is often operator dependent. CT and MRI allow imaging of the entire aorta and its branches in high resolution, as well as extraluminal structures that may impact care. Images are readily presented as two-dimensional tomographic images; however, analysis and treatment planning using these images can be time consuming and tedious. Thus, three-dimensional reformatting and visualization have evolved, enabling presentation of the vasculature in a more convenient and intuitive way. This review explores the role of CT and MRI in everyday clinical practice. This review contains 18 figures, 4 tables, and 26 references.

scholarly journals Optical and Digital Microscopic Imaging Techniques and Applications in Pathology

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Chen ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Digital Pathology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Microscopic Imaging ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Technical Features

The conventional optical microscope has been the primary tool in assisting pathological examinations. The modern digital pathology combines the power of microscopy, electronic detection, and computerized analysis. It enables cellular-, molecular-, and genetic-imaging at high efficiency and accuracy to facilitate clinical screening and diagnosis. This paper first reviews the fundamental concepts of microscopic imaging and introduces the technical features and associated clinical applications of optical microscopes, electron microscopes, scanning tunnel microscopes, and fluorescence microscopes. The interface of microscopy with digital image acquisition methods is discussed. The recent developments and future perspectives of contemporary microscopic imaging techniques such as three-dimensional and in vivo imaging are analyzed for their clinical potentials.

A linearity test for thick specimens imaged by HVEM over a 180° angular range

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angular Range ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Line Integral ◽  
Exponential Law ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Absorption Law ◽  
Linearity Test

The image obtained in a transmission electron microscope is the two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional (3D) object. The 3D reconstruction of the object can be calculated from a series of projections by back-projection, but this algorithm assumes that the image is linearly related to a line integral of the object function. However, there are two kinds of contrast in electron microscopy, scattering and phase contrast, of which only the latter is linear with the optical density (OD) in the micrograph. Therefore the OD can be used as a measure of the projection only for thin specimens where phase contrast dominates the image. For thick specimens, where scattering contrast predominates, an exponential absorption law holds, and a logarithm of OD must be used. However, for large thicknesses, the simple exponential law might break down due to multiple and inelastic scattering.

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