The role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roongroje Thanawongnuwech ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur ◽  
Eileen L. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Virus Titer ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

AbstractThe objective of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). PIMs play an important role in pulmonary surveillance, and in the past few years we have investigated their role in PRRSV infection. PRRSV antigens and nucleic acids have been demonstrated in PIMs bothin vitroandin vivo. Examination of cultured PIMs infected with PRRSV revealed the accumulation of viral particles in the smooth-walled vesicles. PRRSV-infected PIMsin vitroyielded a virus titer similar to pulmonary alveolar macrophages. PRRSV infection induces either apoptosis or cell lysis of PIMs. Thein vitrobactericidal activity of PRRSV-infected PIMs is significantly decreased. Phagocytic activity of PIMs, as measured by pulmonary copper clearance, is significantly decreased in PRRSV-infected pigs. This evidence supports the hypothesis that PRRSV-induced damage to PIMs results in increased susceptibility to bacteremic diseases. Recent studies with PRRSV andStreptococcus suiscoinfection confirmed that PRRSV predisposes pigs toS. suisinfection and bacteremia. These results could explain the increase in bacterial respiratory diseases and septicemias observed in PRRSV-infected pigs.

scholarly journals Medawar’s PostEra: Galectins Emerged as Key Players During Fetal-Maternal Glycoimmune Adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Menkhorst ◽  
Nandor Gabor Than ◽  
Udo Jeschke ◽  
Gabriela Barrientos ◽  
Laszlo Szereday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Ligands ◽  
Membrane Bound

Lectin-glycan interactions, in particular those mediated by the galectin family, regulate many processes required for a successful pregnancy. Over the past decades, increasing evidence gathered from in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that members of the galectin family specifically bind to both intracellular and membrane bound carbohydrate ligands regulating angiogenesis, immune-cell adaptations required to tolerate the fetal semi-allograft and mammalian embryogenesis. Therefore, galectins play important roles in fetal development and placentation contributing to maternal and fetal health. This review discusses the expression and role of galectins during the course of pregnancy, with an emphasis on maternal immune adaptions and galectin-glycan interactions uncovered in the recent years. In addition, we summarize the galectin fingerprints associated with pathological gestation with particular focus on preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome is required for host defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwei Feng ◽  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Guihua Lei ◽  
Fengqing Hou ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of invasive pneumococcal disease, is responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. A previous study showed that the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes are essential for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production in the host response to S. pneumoniae infection. The function of NLRP3 in host innate immunity to S. pneumoniae was studied in vivo and in vitro. However, the role of AIM2 in host defence against S. pneumoniae remains unclear. Here, we show that AIM2-deficient (AIM2–/–) mice display increased susceptibility to intra-nasal infection with S. pneumoniae in comparison to wild type mice and that this susceptibility was associated with defective IL-1β production. Macrophages from AIM2–/– mice infected with S. pneumoniae showed impaired secretion of IL-1β as well as activation of the inflammasome, as determined by the oligomerisation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and caspase-1 activation. Taken together, these results indicate that the AIM2 inflammasome is essential for caspase-1-dependent cytokine IL-1β production and eventual protection from pneumococcal infection in mice.

Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Chastant-Maillard ◽  
Martine Chebrout ◽  
Sandra Thoumire ◽  
Marie Saint-Dizier ◽  
Marc Chodkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Biological Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fertilisation Rate

Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low (∼10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained. Thus, the latest reproductive technologies are further advanced than in vitro embryo production. The lack of fundamental studies on the specific features of reproductive physiology and developmental biology in the canine is regrettable in view of the increasing role of dogs in our society and of the current demand for new biological models in biomedical technology.

scholarly journals Emerging era of microneedle array for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: recent advances and toxicological perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Dugam ◽  
Rahul Tade ◽  
Rani Dhole ◽  
Sopan Nangare
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Microneedle Array ◽  
Bioavailability Enhancement ◽  
Main Text ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Microneedles (MNs) are the utmost unique, efficient, and minimally invasive inventions in the pharmaceutical field. Over the past decades, many scientists around the globe have reported MNs cautious because of their superb future in distinct areas. Concerning the wise use of MNs herein, we deal in depth with the present applications of MNs in drug delivery. Main text The present review comprises various fabrication materials and methods used for MN synthesis. The article also noted the distinctive advantages of these MNs, which holds huge potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The role of MNs in serving as a platform to treat various ailments has been explained accompanied by unusual approaches. The review also inculcates the pharmacokinetics of MNs, which includes permeation, absorption, and bioavailability enhancement. Besides this, the in vitro/in vivo toxicity, biosafety, and marketed product of MNs have been reviewed. We have also discussed the clinical trials and patents on the pharmaceutical applications of MNs in brief. Conclusion To sum up, this article gives insight into the MNs and provides a recent advancement in MNs, which pave the pathway for future pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Graphical abstract Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of MNs

scholarly journals Beyond Thrombosis: the Role of Platelets in Pulmonary Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-271
Author(s):  
Salina Nicoleau ◽  
Beata Wojciak-Stothard
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Right Heart Failure ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a multifactorial and lethal disease, characterised by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and progressive right heart failure. PH pathobiology rests on four pillars: vascular remodelling, vasoconstriction, inflammation and thrombosis. While vascular and inflammatory cells have been the focus of PH research over the past decades, platelets have received relatively less attention, despite their associations with key pathophysiological processes of the disease. Platelets contain a wide range of vasoactive, inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediators, likely to promote PH development and progression. There is currently no cure for PH, and platelet-associated pathways may help identify new therapeutic strategies. This review summarises available evidence on the role of platelets in different forms of PH, and comments on the current state of platelet-targeting therapies. It also describes the latest advances in the in vitro technologies that enable exploration of platelet function under dynamic and physiologically relevant conditions. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-0204-7 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals To Live or to Die: Prosurvival Activity of PPARγin Cancers

PPAR Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Lynn Wang ◽  
Qi Miao
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemiology Studies

The role of PPARγin tumorigenesis is controversial. In this article, we review and analyze literature from the past decade that highlights the potential proneoplastic activity of PPARγ. We discuss the following five aspects of the nuclear hormone receptor and its agonists: (1) relative expression of PPARγin human tumorversusnormal tissues; (2) receptor-dependent proneoplastic effects; (3) impact of PPARγand its agonists on tumors in animal models; (4) clinical trials of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in human malignancies; (5) TZDs as chemopreventive agents in epidemiology studies. The focus is placed on the most relevantin vivoanimal models and human data.In vitrocell line studies are included only when the effects are shown to be dependent on the PPARγreceptor.

The role of mycotoxins in neurodegenerative diseases: current state of the art and future perspectives of research

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Svenja König ◽  
Simone Eggert ◽  
Kristina Endres ◽  
Stefan Kins
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Current State

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can cause various diseases in humans and animals. The adverse health effects of mycotoxins such as liver failure, immune deficiency, and cancer are well-described. However, growing evidence suggests an additional link between these fungal metabolites and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the wealth of these initial reports, reliable conclusions are still constrained by limited access to human patients and availability of suitable cell or animal model systems. This review summarizes knowledge on mycotoxins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and the assumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The limitations of the common in vivo and in vitro experiments to identify the role of mycotoxins in neurotoxicity and thereby in neurodegenerative diseases are elucidated and possible future perspectives to further evolve this research field are presented.

scholarly journals Deletion of Penton RGD Motifs Affects the Efficiency of both the Internalization and the Endosome Escape of Viral Particles Containing Adenovirus Serotype 5 or 35 Fiber Knobs

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 1053-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov ◽  
Andrea M. Eberly ◽  
Zong-Yi Li ◽  
André Lieber
Keyword(s):  
Penton Base ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Rgd Motif ◽  
Endosome Escape ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Serotype 5 ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are widely used for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. A solid understanding of the biology of this virus is imperative for the development of novel, effective, and safe vectors. For the group C adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 that use CAR as a primary attachment receptor, it is known that the penton base RGD motifs interact with cellular integrins and that this interaction promotes virus internalization. However, the RGD motif's impact on the efficiency of postinternalization steps, such as the escape of the virus particle from the endosome, is less defined. Furthermore, the role of penton-integrin interactions remains unknown for new vectors possessing group B Ad fiber knobs that use CD46 as a primary virus attachment receptor. In this study, we used vectors with the RGD motif deleted that contained Ad5 and B-group Ad35 fiber knobs and long fiber shafts and studied the role of RGD-integrin interactions in virus internalization and endosome escape. The deletion of the RGD motif in the penton base did not affect virus attachment, regardless of the type of cellular receptor used for attachment. RGD motif deletion, however, significantly reduced the rate of virus internalization for both the Ad5 and Ad35 fiber knob-containing vectors. This study also demonstrates the role of penton RGD motifs in facilitating the endosome escape step of virus infection and indicates that penton-integrin interactions are involved in internalization of capsid-chimeric CD46-interacting Ads with long fiber shafts.

scholarly journals Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11303
Author(s):  
Ehab H. Mattar ◽  
Fatma Elrashdy ◽  
Hussein A. Almehdar ◽  
Vladimir N. Uversky ◽  
Elrashdy M. Redwan
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Second Wave

The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin’s ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal’s origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.

scholarly journals Bacterial F-type ATP synthases follow a well-choreographed assembly pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanh Vu Huu ◽  
René Zangl ◽  
Jan Hoffmann ◽  
Nina Morgner
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Assembly Pathway ◽  
Major Energy Source ◽  
Atp Synthases

Abstract F-type ATP synthases are multiprotein complexes composed of two separate coupled motors (F1 and FO) generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the universal major energy source in a variety of relevant biological processes in mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts. In the past decades, ATP synthases have become a subject of high interest, as a target for therapeutic use in the treatment of a variety of diseases. While the structure of many ATPases is solved today, the precise assembly pathway of F1FO-ATP synthases is mostly still unclear. To probe the bacterial F1 assembly of Acetobacterium woodii, we studied the self-assembly of purified proteins under different environments. We report assembly requirements, important assembly intermediates in vitro and in vivo, the crucial role of nucleotide binding (as opposed to ATP hydrolysis) and correlate results with complex activity. Finally, we propose a model for the assembly pathway for the formation of a functional F1 complex.

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