China – Domestic Support for Agricultural Producers (China–Agricultural Producers), DS511

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-532
Author(s):  
Marcus Sohlberg ◽  
Ariane Yvon
Keyword(s):  
Indica Rice ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The dispute concerns certain market price support measures by China to domestic agricultural producers of wheat, Indica rice, Japonica rice, and corn, which the United States (US) claimed were inconsistent with China's obligations under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Specifically, the US considered that China utilized market price measures in the period 2012–2015 to support farmer incomes and increase production of the said agricultural products, but that this support was in excess of China's WTO commitments. At the outset, the Panel found that the support measures for Chinese corn producers had expired, and that there were no factors weighing in favor of making findings on this expired measure. So, no findings were made with respect to this claim.

scholarly journals China ‒ Domestic Support for Agricultural Producers: One Policy, Multiple Parameters Imply Modest Discipline

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Dukgeun Ahn ◽  
David Orden
Keyword(s):  
Indica Rice ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Domestic Support

Abstract This paper assesses key issues in the dispute over the United States’ claim that for certain grains China exceeded its limits on domestic support under the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) during 2012–2015. The panel first determined that the base years for the reference price in calculating China's market price support were 1996–1998, rather than 1986–1988 as stipulated in the AoA, and that production in the geographic regions where the support programs operated, not the smaller quantities purchased at administered prices, constituted eligible production. The panel then found China had exceeded its limits in each of the four years for wheat, Indica rice, and Japonica rice. The possibility was left open that a government can determine eligible production by setting maximum purchases at support prices in its regulatory framework. China used this option to claim that its programs for 2020 implemented the recommendations and rulings of the DSB. We argue that use of outdated fixed external reference prices to measure the price gap and to define eligible production by limits on purchases, distance calculation under the AoA from economic support measurement. The measurement issues compound the discord among Members over levels of agricultural support.

The European Model of Agriculture and World Trade: Reconfiguring Domestic Support

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 77-103
Author(s):  
Michael Cardwell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
European Model ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The level of support to agricultural producers in the Community has remained high notwithstanding the commitments imposed under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (‘URAA’). Thus, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (‘OECD’), the ‘producer support estimate’ for the period 1986–1988 amounted to 44 per cent of gross farm receipts and the proportion rose marginally to 45 per cent in 1998. It may also be noted that, while the proportion in the case of the United States was approximately half that of the Community, the figure for 1998 was likewise not dissimilar from that for the period 1986–1988 (respectively 22 and 25 per cent). As a result, Cairns Group countries have felt able to direct strong criticism against the two great exporters of agricultural produce. This state of affairs was not unanticipated.

Agriculture Subsidies: Unravelling the Linkages between the Amber Box and the Blue Box Support

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
James J. Nedumpara ◽  
Sparsha Janardhan ◽  
Aparna Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Specific Support ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
Direct Payments ◽  
Legal Understanding ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

Abstract Domestic support disciplines under the Agreement on Agriculture are controversial, to say the least. The aggregate measurement of support (AMS) restricts Members’ policy space to provide product-specific support. The structural flaws in the determination of AMS further compel Members to explore alternatives. In contrast to the Amber Box, the Blue Box offers certain flexibilities for Members to exempt product-specific support from AMS calculation. The Blue Box reflects several elements which are seemingly typical to the Amber Box, except that it has certain production-limiting features. This article explores the legal bounds of the Blue Box measures, and its similarities and dissimilarities with the Amber Box. Towards this end, the article builds on a fresh legal understanding of the Blue Box based on its negotiating history and interpretative bounds, and also offers a fuller appreciation of market price support (MPS) and non-exempt direct payments under the Amber Box. While the calculation methodology for non-exempt direct payments bears a close resemblance to the calculation of MPS, the article argues that direct payment and MPS measures are fundamentally distinct types of product-specific support which makes the interchangeability of Blue and Amber Boxes seemingly difficult.

The European Model of Agriculture and World Trade: Reconfiguring Domestic Support

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 77-103
Author(s):  
Michael Cardwell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
European Model ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The level of support to agricultural producers in the Community has remained high notwithstanding the commitments imposed under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (‘URAA’). Thus, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (‘OECD’), the ‘producer support estimate’ for the period 1986–1988 amounted to 44 per cent of gross farm receipts and the proportion rose marginally to 45 per cent in 1998. It may also be noted that, while the proportion in the case of the United States was approximately half that of the Community, the figure for 1998 was likewise not dissimilar from that for the period 1986–1988 (respectively 22 and 25 per cent). As a result, Cairns Group countries have felt able to direct strong criticism against the two great exporters of agricultural produce. This state of affairs was not unanticipated.

scholarly journals Tingkat Dukungan Domestik untuk Sektor Pertanian Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahlim Sudaryanto ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal ◽  
Reni Kustiari ◽  
Saktyanu K. Dermoredjo ◽  
Chairul Muslim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Domestic Support

<p>There is common perception that domestic support to agriculture in Indonesia is relatively small. Therefore, the level, composition, and trend of support to agriculture require an in-depth analysis.  Some types of commonly used indicators on support to agriculture are <em>Producer Support Estimate </em>(PSE), <em>Total Support Estimate </em>(TSE), and<em> General Services Support Estimate </em>(GSSE). These indicators are analyzed for Indonesian agriculture covering the period of 1995–2014, and consist of 15 commodities. The PSE estimate indicates an increasing trend from 3.9% in 1995–1997 to 20.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the PSE of Indonesian agriculture was slightly higher than that of China (19.2%) but larger compared to that of OECD average (17.9%). The<em> </em>TSE estimate (% to GDP) significantly increased from 0.8% in 1995–1997 to 3.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the TSE of agriculture in Indonesia was the largest. Agricultural support in term of market price support has caused an increased price at the consumer level which ultimately reduces food nutrition intake. In the long run, more effective policy is to promote agricultural production and productivity through innovation, investment on infrastructures, and easing private sector investment. The largest part of government budget is spent on fertilizer subsidy which proportionately benefits large-scale farmers and fertilizer industry. More efficient scheme is to convert this subsidy into direct payment targeted to small-scale farmers.</p><p> </p><p align="left">Abstrak</p><p>Selama ini ada anggapan umum bahwa dukungan domestik (<em>domestic</em> <em>supports)</em> terhadap sektor pertanian Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Sehubungan itu, besaran dan komposisi dukungan serta bagaimana perubahannya antarwaktu, perlu dianalisis dengan seksama. Beberapa indikator yang biasa digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat dukungan tersebut adalah <em>Producer Support Estimate </em>(PSE), <em>Total Support Estimate </em>(TSE), dan<em> </em>(<em>General Services Support Estimate </em>(GSSE). Berbagai indikator tersebut telah dianalisis untuk sektor pertanian Indonesia meliputi periode tahun 1995–2014 dan mencakup 15 komoditas. Nilai PSE menunjukkan tren<em> </em>peningkatan dari 3,9% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 20,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai PSE sektor pertanian Indonesia sedikit lebih tinggi dari Tiongkok (19,2%), namun lebih tinggi dari negara-negara OECD (17,9%). Nilai TSE sektor pertanian Indonesia (% terhadap PDB) meningkat secara signifikan dari 0,8% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 3,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai TSE Indonesia adalah yang tertinggi. Hasil analisis ini menolak anggapan umum bahwa perhatian pemerintah terhadap sektor pertanian relatif kurang. Dukungan terhadap sektor pertanian dalam bentuk perlindungan harga akan berdampak pada peningkatan harga pangan di tingkat konsumen yang pada akhirnya menurunkan asupan gizi masyarakat.  Dalam jangka panjang, prioritas kebijakan yang lebih efektif adalah peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas melalui sistem inovasi, pembangunan infrastruktur, dan mempermudah investasi swasta. Sebagian besar transfer anggaran pemerintah untuk sektor pertanian adalah subsidi pupuk yang secara kumulatif lebih banyak dinikmati oleh para petani luas dan produsen pupuk.  Skema yang lebih efisien adalah mengonversi subsidi tersebut ke dalam sistem transfer pendapatan dan dibatasi hanya untuk petani kecil.</p>

scholarly journals How trade affects the US produce industry: the case of fresh tomatoes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sheng Li ◽  
Feng Wu ◽  
Zhengfei Guan ◽  
Tianyuan Luo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Us ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Fresh Tomato ◽  
The Impact

The US produce industry faces intensifying competition from imports, particularly those from Mexico, the largest exporter of produce to the United States. Fresh produce imports from Mexico have grown dramatically in recent years. This study examines the impact of increasing fresh tomato imports from Mexico on market price and revenue of US growers. Results show that tomato prices are highly sensitive to supply, suggesting a saturated market. Imports from Mexico have significant negative impacts on the prices of US domestic tomatoes. A scenario of 50% increase in tomato imports from Mexico could result in a $252 million (27%) revenue loss for American growers, thus posing great challenges to the sustainability of the declining US tomato industry.

scholarly journals Can Crude Oil Serve as a Hedging Asset for Underlying Securities?—Research on the Heterogenous Correlation between Crude Oil and Stock Index

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3139
Author(s):  
Sa Xu ◽  
Ziqing Du ◽  
Hai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Wavelet Coherence Analysis

In the increasingly frequent global financial turmoil, investors prefer to invest in stable assets to hedge risks. Crude oil naturally has dual use value as a general commodity and as a financial asset, which has attracted wide attention. In this paper, we adopt a wavelet coherence analysis to study the standard of crude oil as a hedging asset and analyze the dynamic correlation of crude oil and stock market price fluctuations in the four economies of the United States, Japan, China and Hong Kong at different frequencies. The empirical evidence shows that crude oil can be conditionally used as a hedging asset for underlying securities. From the perspective of space, crude oil is suitable for investors in China’s stock market as a hedging asset, while for stock markets in the US, Japan and Hong Kong, the ability of crude oil to hedge risk has been greatly weakened. From the perspective of investment term, although crude oil cannot be regarded as a hedging asset for long-term investment, it can still play a hedging role in the short term. When the market is in a state of panic, the ability of oil to hedge risk is stronger.

scholarly journals Nuclear efforts of Iran under the shadow of US sanctions

2020 ◽  
Vol V (III) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Sajida Begum ◽  
Robina Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Munib Khalid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
The West ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
The Us ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Domestic Support

Iran has started the Atom program for Peace which has already planned by the US for countries concerned in consuming atomic energy for non-violent devotions. Iran also decided to develop a nuclear program to generate electricity. In 1979 US and the west has temporary banned the project. The United States has applied these sanctions on Iran for various purposes. This includes weakening domestic support for the Islamic regime and, recently, imposing charges on Iran to continue its nuclear program. These sanctions have left Iran with local and foreign capital, and have isolated it economically and politically. However, the regime has survived and continues to challenge the international community. Iran has also made great strides in nuclear planning. This article aims to explain how the Iranian's survived despite international sanctions specially the US. It rebuilds the interaction between the contraction of sanctions by the UN Security Council, the United States and targeted regime strategies to promote the nuclear program and maintain cohesion within the choice.

scholarly journals Impacts of the U.S. subsidy to soybeans on World prices, production and exports

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Salazar P. Brandão ◽  
Elcyon Caiado Rocha Lima
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Net Exports ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Prices ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
The U.S

This paper specifies and estimates an econometric model of the soybean market (grain, oil and meal) to assess the effects of U.S. domestic support to soybeans on world soybean prices, production and exports. The model divides the world into five regions (modules): Argentina, Brazil, the European Union, the United States (US) and the Rest of the World (ROW). There are interactions between the modules through the international prices and the net exports of each soybean product. The international prices of grain, oil and meal are endogenous and are determined equating net exports of the first four modules (Argentina, Brazil, European Union and the U.S.) to net imports of the ROW. The analysis is conducted eliminating the U.S. domestic support to soybeans and simulating the impacts on the variables of interest. The simulations show a significant impact of the US subsidy to soybeans on world prices and net exports of the four selected regions.

Analysis of Agricultural and Fishery Policies and Agriculture-related Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Suriname

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot Vandorpe ◽  
Carmine Paolo De Salvo ◽  
Olga Shik
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food System ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Budget Support ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
The Cost

The agriculture and fisheries sectors account for 9 percent of Surinames GDP. Transition to a modern and innovative agri-food system is among the goals of Surinames government. Surinames agricultural policies include a combination of trade regulations, budget support, and direct participation in agricultural production by the state-owned companies. In 2016-2018, high inflation and currency depreciation impacted agricultural producers and consumers, while the budget funds for support to agriculture were substantially cut. In 2018, the annual value of support to individual producers in Suriname was SRD $267 million, or 16% of total farm receipts. This figure reflects strong market price support to livestock producers at the expense of consumers, while rice producers receive disincentives due to agricultural policies. Between 2015 and 2018, support to general services for agriculture, the most efficient way to promote innovative development, decreased from 44% to only 6% of the total support to the agricultural sector. The fisheries sector was mainly supported through the fuel tax concessions. The amount of the general services support to fisheries was less than the cost of the fishing licenses. While agriculture contributes 19% to the Surinames greenhouse gas emissions, the study found that agricultural policies do not favour climate-affecting activities in agriculture.

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