scholarly journals Longitudinal analysis of maize diversity in Yucatan, Mexico: influence of agro-ecological factors on landraces conservation and modern variety introduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Fenzi ◽  
Devra I. Jarvis ◽  
Luis Manuel Arias Reyes ◽  
Luis Latournerie Moreno ◽  
John Tuxill
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Maize Populations ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Average Plant

Transformations that farmers bring to their traditional farming systems and their impacts on the conservation and evolution of maize varieties over a 12-year period are investigated using a longitudinal analysis. Despite the increased introduction and supply of improved maize variety seeds in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, over the last 12 years farmers continue to maintain a substantial amount of traditional maize variety diversity. Even with the increased availability of hybrid seeds, farmers in the community of Yaxcaba on average plant more than three quarters of their milpa fields to traditional maize varieties, with the latter one fourth predominately planted to a locally improved varietyNal Xoy, a farm cross of a traditional variety and an improved variety. We observed a significant reduction in yellow –x-Nuuk nal, a long-cycle traditional landrace, paralleled by an increase in short- and intermediate-cycle locally adapted improved maize varieties. We found great differences in the distribution of maize varieties by soil type, with modern varieties being targeted for the rarer, deeper and fine-grained soils, while traditional varieties predominate on the more prevalent stony and thin soils. Our results provide a picture in which most traditional maize varieties in Yaxcaba continue to be maintained by farmers, coexisting with locally adapted improved varieties on the same landscape, and allowing the continued evolution of maize populations.

scholarly journals Community seed network in an era of climate change: dynamics of maize diversity in Yucatán, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Fenzi ◽  
Paul Rogé ◽  
Angel Cruz-Estrada ◽  
John Tuxill ◽  
Devra Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Small Holder Farmers

AbstractLocal seed systems remain the fundamental source of seeds for many crops in developing countries. Climate resilience for small holder farmers continues to depend largely on locally available seeds of traditional crop varieties. High rainfall events can have as significant an impact on crop production as increased temperatures and drought. This article analyzes the dynamics of maize diversity over 3 years in a farming community of Yucatán state, Mexico, where elevated levels of precipitation forced farmers in 2012 to reduce maize diversity in their plots. We study how farmers maintained their agroecosystem resilience through seed networks, examining the drivers influencing maize diversity and seed provisioning in the year preceding and following the 2012 climatic disturbance (2011–2013). We found that, under these challenging circumstances, farmers focused their efforts on their most reliable landraces, disregarding hybrids. We show that farmers were able to recover and restore the diversity usually cultivated in the community in the year following the critical climate event. The maize dynamic assessed in this study demonstrates the importance of community level conservation of crop diversity. Understanding farmer management strategies of agrobiodiversity, especially during a challenging climatic period, is necessary to promote a more tailored response to climate change in traditional farming systems.

scholarly journals PRODUKTIVITAS LAHAN DAN NKL PADA TUMPANGSARI TIGA VARIETAS JAGUNG PULUT (Zea mays caratina Kulesh) DENGAN BERBAGAI INTERVAL WAKTU TANAM KACANG TANAH (Archis hipogaea L.) SEBAGAI TANAMAN SELA

AGRICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristono Yohanes Fowo
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cultivation Technology

Land Productivity and NKL on Tumpangsari Three Maize Variety Cultivation (Zea mays caratina Kulesh) With Various Interval Time Plants (Archis hipogaea L.) as Select Plant. This study aims to determine the combination of timing planting and planting techniques that can improve the productivity of land and NKL values ??on the application of intercropping cultivation technology in dry land conditions in Ende-NTT. The experimental design using Division Split Plot (RPT) consists of two factors repeated three times. The treatment of corn varieties (V1: Local varieties, V2: Uri varieties, V3: Binthe Pulu varieties) while planting time was placed as subplot (T1: Maize planted 15 days after peanut planting T2: Corn is grown together with peanut planting T3: Corn is grown 15 days before planting peanuts, as comparison of each treatment is also planted in monculture, so that obtained 31 units of experiment plot The data collection is done by calculating dry weight of seeds produced by all plant crops in the harvest plots, and the crops in the harvest plots. The results show that intercropping crops between pulut and peanut crops in various pulses maize varieties and peanut planting times increased the productivity of the land 1, with the highest land productivity dida The maize varieties of Uri corn is grown simultaneously with groundnut planting (V2T2) of 1.52 and followed by treatment of local varieties of pulutans planted together with peanut plant (V1T2) of 1.46.

scholarly journals Socio-ecological factors determine crop performance in agricultural systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Libère Nkurunziza ◽  
Christine A. Watson ◽  
Ingrid Öborn ◽  
Henrik G. Smith ◽  
Göran Bergkvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
Latent Structures

AbstractAgricultural production systems are affected by complex interactions between social and ecological factors, which are often hard to integrate in a common analytical framework. We evaluated differences in crop production among farms by integrating components of several related research disciplines in a single socio-ecological analysis. Specifically, we evaluated spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) performance on 34 farms (organic and conventional) in two agro-ecological zones to unravel the importance of ecological, crop and management factors in the performance of a standard crop. We used Projections to Latent Structures (PLS), a simple but robust analytical tool widely utilized in research disciplines dealing with complex systems (e.g. social sciences and chemometrics), but infrequently in agricultural sciences. We show that barley performance on organic farms was affected by previous management, landscape structure, and soil quality, in contrast to conventional farms where external inputs were the main factors affecting biomass and grain yield. This indicates that more complex management strategies are required in organic than in conventional farming systems. We conclude that the PLS method combining socio-ecological and biophysical factors provides improved understanding of the various interacting factors determining crop performance and can help identify where improvements in the agricultural system are most likely to be effective.

Harvest date does not influence variety ranking in Belgian forage maize variety trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. 1040-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SWANCKAERT ◽  
J. PANNECOUCQUE ◽  
J. VAN WAES ◽  
B. DE CAUWER ◽  
J. LATRE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Data ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Maturity Groups

SUMMARYSilage maize variety testing systems usually evaluate new varieties within properly defined maturity groups; within a maturity group, all varieties are harvested on a single harvest date. In a small country like Belgium where growing conditions are similar across the maize growing areas, all tested silage maize varieties, comprising different maturity groups, are harvested on a single date. Under this testing system, only few varieties are harvested at the physiological stage where they theoretically show their optimal performance. In the current research, eight silage maize varieties were monitored from 25 to 40% whole-crop dry matter (DM) content at three locations in Belgium during the period 2007–2009. The optimal harvest date was calculated as the date where whole-crop DM yield, ear DM yield and organic matter digestibility were maximal. The variety rank at the optimal harvest date was compared with the variety rank at any studied single harvest date. Harvest dates where the variety rank was not statistically different to the rank at the optimal harvest date were pooled in a ‘harvest window’. Based on the current data, the harvest window comprised a flexible harvest period of about 14 days. It was therefore concluded that applying a single harvest date is scientifically justified for the ranking of silage maize varieties in Belgium, when the whole-crop DM content is between 28·1 and 40·6% with a maximum difference of 7·2% between all compared varieties.

scholarly journals Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHAN ISKANDAR ◽  
BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR ◽  
RUHYAT PARTASASMITA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
West Java ◽  
The Impact

Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 515-527. The Impact of social and economic change on genetic diversity of domesticated plants with special reference to wet rice field and homegarden farming of West Java. Various farming systems have played an important role as sources of genetic diversity in plants. A large number of cultivated varieties have been commonly selected, maintained, and distributed by farmers and cultural practices and ecological factors have been involved. These factors, such as soil, climate, pests, and culinary, magical and ritual uses, have influenced farmers in their selection of plants in farming systems. Nowadays, however, the number of plant varieties in various farming systems of Java has dramatically declined. This article attempts to discuss the impact of social and economic change on the genetic diversity of agricultural plants of the wet rice field and home-garden farming, particularly based on data from West Java.

scholarly journals Role of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. on Spread of Aspergillus section flavi in Different Nepalese Maize Varieties

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
K. Bhusal ◽  
D. Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch ◽  
Aspergillus Section ◽  
Plot Design

Experiments were conducted to find out the role of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. on spread of green fungus, Aspergillus section flavi, in different varieties of stored maize in laboratory in 2016. Lab experiment was conducted to find the role of weevil on spread of A. flavus on five main varieties of maize grown at Nepal in split plot design, namely, Arun-2, Arun-4, Manakamana-1, Manakamana-3, and Rampur composite with three replications at NAST, Khumaltar, from August to September 2016. One hundred grams of each maize variety was exposed to weevil along with fungus and with fungus only to see the spread of the fungus under presence and absence of weevil. Among the tested five maize varieties, the lowest infestation was observed on Rampur Composite (14.99%) while it was the highest on Manakamana-3 (87.70%). The highest mean infestation (75.58%) was found under weevil released condition while it was lower (62.16%) under nonreleased condition. In presence of weevil, the infestation of the fungus increased and in their absence the infestation was low which signifies the role of weevil in fungal spread. All indices indicate that Rampur composite is the best variety among the five tested varieties in terms of storage under the presence of fungus and weevils. This study also indicates ample scope for further study on different varieties of maize under several storage conditions.

Assessing maize diversity and defining a representative subset by means of selected morphological ear traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 488-497
Author(s):  
Froylan Rincon-Sanchez ◽  
Norma A. Ruiz-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Description ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Maize Populations ◽  
Participatory Conservation ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
Representative Subset ◽  
Breeding Techniques ◽  
Conservation And Management

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to analyse the maize diversity in the southeast of Coahuila State in Mexico and to identify a representative subset that encompasses the majority of the diversity in the region of study. Seventy-seven native maize populations were first explored and given a race classification followed by a morphological description based on selected quantitative ear traits using 10 representative ears from the collected samples. The differences between maize populations from the adaptation area and the relationships between and within groups in the region of study indicate the usefulness of the ear traits to describe maize diversity. Two main groups were identified that summarized the maize diversity. The first group, the conical ear complex, includes populations adapted to highland altitudes (Conico Norteño Race). The second group, the cylindrical ear complex, represents populations adapted to lowland and intermediate altitudes (Raton and Tuxpeño Norteño). Using the phenogram, a subset of 18 out of the 77 maize populations (23.4%) was defined that accounts for the variation between and within the different race complexes. This subset also includes at least one representative population from each of the less represented types. The final subset, representing a sample of maize diversity, can be used to establish strategies for conservation and use, such as participatory conservation and management, or it can be used to develop breeding techniques for improving the land race populations within the region of study.

scholarly journals Analysis of Genetic Diversity within Nepalese Maize Populations Using SSR Markers

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dil Bahadur Gurung ◽  
Maria Luz C George ◽  
Quirino D Dela Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Populations ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Information on genetic diversity and relationships among breeding materials is necessary for hybrid maize breeding. Four open-pollinated varieties were analyzed using SSR markers to determine the genetic diversity within the varieties. In each variety, 15 individuals were genotyped with 30 SSR markers. Average heterozygosity percentage of the varieties was 45.07%, ranging from 35.23% in Rampur Composite to 54.64% in Khumal Yellow, indicating the higher level of heterozygosity in these two varieties. An average PIC value across all the polymorphic SSR loci was 0.50; which ranged from 0.47 in Manakamana-2 to 0.52 in Khumal Yellow and Arun-4. At the genotype level, the range was from 0.07 in umc1161 to 0.84 in umc1136. The total number of alleles detected was 415 for 30 SSR markers in 60 genotypes. The unique and common alleles detected respectively were 27 and 71. The average number of alleles per locus was 3.45 among the varieties, ranging from 3.21in Manakamana-2 to 3.76 in Khumal Yellow. Average gene diversity across the varieties was 0.54 and ranged from 0.51 in Manakamana-2 to 0.56 in Khumal Yellow and Arun-4. The genetic similarity coefficient of all individuals among the varieties was seen at 0.35.The MRD values were higher between Arun-4 and Manakamana-2 (0.290) and low between Khumal Yellow and Rampur Composite (0.221). Estimate of genetic distances among the varieties showed that Rampur Composite, Khumal Yellow, and Manakamana-2 were closely related sharing the similar genetic backgrounds, whereas Arun-4 was genetically more distantly related. Efforts are being made for the development and evaluation of inbred lines from these distantly related maize varieties for developing high yielding maize hybrids. Key Words: genetic diversity; maize hybrid; SSR markers DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4082Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 1-8

scholarly journals Assessment of maize stem borer damage on hybrid maize varieties in Chitwan, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Buddhi Bahadur Achhami ◽  
Santa Bahadur BK ◽  
Ghana Shyam Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Tunnel Length ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Maize is the second most important cereal crop in Nepal. However, national figure of grain production still remains below than the world's average grain production per unit area. Thus, this experiment was designed to determine the suitable time of maize planting, and to assess the peak period of one of the major insects, maize stem borer, in Chitwan condition. The results showed that plant damage percentage as per the maize planting month varies significantly, and the average plant damage percentage by stem borer was up to 18.11%. Length of the feeding tunnel in maize stem was significantly higher in January than July. In case of exit holes made by borer counted more than four holes per plant that were planted in the month of January. All in all, except the tunnel length measurement per plant, we observed similar pattern in other borer damage parameters such as exit whole counts and plant damage percentage within the tested varieties. Stem borer damage was not significantly affect on grain yield.Journal of Maize Research and Development (2015) 1(1):53-63DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34293

scholarly journals Evaluation on reprogramed biological processes in transgenic maize varieties using transcriptomics and metabolomics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Fu ◽  
Pengyu Zhu ◽  
Mingnan Qu ◽  
Wang Zhi ◽  
Yongjiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Molecular Profiling ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Targeted Analysis ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Variety

AbstractGenetic engineering (GM) has great potential to improve maize productivity, but rises some concerns on unintended effects, and equivalent as their comparators. There are some limitations through targeted analysis to detect the UE in genetically modified organisms in many previous studies. We here reported a case-study on the effects of introducing herbicides and insect resistance (HIR) gene cassette on molecular profiling (transcripts and metabolites) in a popular maize variety Zhengdan958 (ZD958) in China. We found that introducing HIR gene cassette bring a limited numbers of differential abundant genes (DAGs) or differential abundant metabolites (DAMs) between transgenic events and non-transgenic control. In contrast, averaged 10 times more DAGs and DAMs were observed when performed comparison under different growing environments in three different ecological regions of China than the numbers induced by gene effects. Major biological pathways relating to stress response or signaling transduction could explain somehow the effects of growing environments. We further compared two transgenic events mediated ZD958 (GM-ZD958) with either transgenic parent GM-Z58, and other genetic background nonGM-Z58, nonGM-ZD958, and Chang7-2. We found that the numbers of DAGs and DAMs between GM-ZD958 and its one parent maize variety, Z58 or GM-Z58 is equivalent, but not Chang7-2. These findings suggest that greater effects due to different genetic background on altered molecular profiling than gene modification itself. This study provides a case evidence indicating marginal effects of gene pleiotropic effects, and environmental effects should be emphasized.

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