Empires and protection: making interpolity law in the early modern world

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Benton ◽  
Adam Clulow
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractReferences to protection were ubiquitous across the early modern world, featuring in a range of transactions between polities in very different regions. And yet discourses about protection retained a quality of imprecision that makes it difficult to pin down precise legal statuses and responsibilities. It was often unclear who was protecting whom or the exact nature of the relationship. In this article, we interrogate standard distinctions about the dual character of protection that differentiate between ‘inside’ protection of subjects and ‘outside’ protection of allies and other external groups. Rather than a clear division, we find a blurring of lines, with many protection claims creatively combining ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ protection. We argue that the juxtaposition of these ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ meanings of protection underpinned the formation of irregular, interpenetrating zones of imperial suzerainty in crowded maritime arenas and conflict-ridden borderlands across the early modern world.

Stancetaking in seventeenth-century prefaces on obstetrics

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Alonso Almeida ◽  
Margarita Mele-Marrero
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Epistemic Stance ◽  
Authorial Identity ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Relationship

This paper deals with authorial stance in prefatory material of Early Modern English manuals on women’s diseases. Publications on this field from between 1612 and 1699 constitute our corpus of study. Original digitalised texts have been analysed manually to identify and detect structures concerning authorial identity and stance, according to the model developed by Marín-Arrese (2009). This model for the identification of effective and epistemic stance strategies enables us to describe both the relationship between the authors and their texts and, more specifically, the power relationship between the writers and their audience. One of the most important conclusions of this study concerns the strategic use of stance markers to enhance the quality of these books and make them appropriate for a wide variety of readers.

Undergraduates Discover Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Horizons ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
John M. Ballweg
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pierre Teilhard De Chardin ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Kind

AbstractOne does not read far or engage in a discussion about the complexity of the modern world without sensing an evolutionary vision which reflects the thought of Teilhard de Chardin. College students who are introduced to the Teilhardian vision respond in positive and creative ways. Teaching such a course reveals insights into young people's reaction to the present and future implications of a high-tech society. In an age of increasing control over the forces of nature by human-kind, crucial questions emerge. Two concerns attract students to Teilhard: fear of the future in terms of the direction and quality of human life; and an interest in the relationship between religion and science, which indicates substantive attitudes of a younger generation toward faith in God. Whether there is agreement with Teilhard is not the question, but the fact that he has pressed us to face the issues.

scholarly journals Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (136) ◽  
pp. 20170367 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hanson ◽  
S. G. Ortman ◽  
J. Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Generative Processes ◽  
The Relationship

One of the hallmarks of human agglomeration is an increase in the division of labour, but the exact nature of this relationship has been debated among anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians and archaeologists. Over the last decade, researchers investigating contemporary urban systems have suggested a novel explanation for the links between the numbers of inhabitants in settlements and many of their most important characteristics, which is grounded in a view of settlements as social networks embedded in built environments. One of the remarkable aspects of this approach is that it is not based on the specific conditions of the modern world (such as capitalism or industrialization), which raises the issue of whether the relationships observed in contemporary urban systems can also be detected in pre-modern urban or even non-urban systems. Here, we present a general model for the relationship between the population and functional diversity of settlements, where the latter is viewed as an indicator of the division of labour. We then explore the applicability of this model to pre-modern contexts, focusing on cities in the Roman Empire, using estimates of their numbers of inhabitants, numbers of documented professional associations, and numbers of recorded inscriptions to develop an index of functional diversity. Our results are consistent with theoretical expectations, adding further support to the view that urban systems in both contemporary and pre-modern contexts reflect a common set of generative processes.

The Scandal of Kabbalah

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaacob Dweck
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Culture War ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This is the first book about the origins of a culture war that began in early modern Europe and continues to this day: the debate between kabbalists and their critics on the nature of Judaism and the meaning of religious tradition. From its medieval beginnings as an esoteric form of Jewish mysticism, Kabbalah spread throughout the early modern world and became a central feature of Jewish life. Scholars have long studied the revolutionary impact of Kabbalah, but, as this book argues, they have misunderstood the character and timing of opposition to it. Drawing on a range of previously unexamined sources, this book tells the story of the first criticism of Kabbalah, Ari Nohem, written by Leon Modena in Venice in 1639. In this scathing indictment of Venetian Jews who had embraced Kabbalah as an authentic form of ancient esotericism, Modena proved the recent origins of Kabbalah and sought to convince his readers to return to the spiritualized rationalism of Maimonides. This book examines the hallmarks of Jewish modernity displayed by Modena's attack—a critical analysis of sacred texts, skepticism about religious truths, and self-consciousness about the past—and shows how these qualities and the later history of his polemic challenge conventional understandings of the relationship between Kabbalah and modernity. The book argues that Kabbalah was the subject of critical inquiry in the very period it came to dominate Jewish life rather than centuries later as most scholars have thought.

scholarly journals Between Nature and Culture : The Integrated Ecology of Renaissance Climate Theories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Miglietti
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
The Relationship

‘Climate theories’ are often explained away in scholarship as pseudosciences irrelevant to the modern world, or as morally problematic forms of geographic determinism. This chapter instead argues that such theories still offer a valuable lens not only for understanding how early modern people conceptualized the relationship between human culture and nonhuman nature, but also for resituating ourselves with respect to this very same issue. Are we humans above and outside nature, or are we an integral part of it, caught in its dynamics and affected by its internal changes—including those resulting from our own agency? Three sixteenth-century authors (Le Roy, Bodin, La Framboisière) are here brought into dialogue with contemporary thinkers (Descola, Latour) to reappraise the ‘integrated ecology’ of nature and culture proposed by early modern climate theorists.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Stefania Tutino
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Catholic Culture ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter concludes the book by providing some reflections about the meaning of forgeries in early modern Europe. It examines the effects that the growing ability to detect forgeries had on the intellectual and cultural landscape of early modern Europe, and it shows the peculiar tension that this provoked in early modern Catholic culture. The chapter also shows that the relationship between evidence, truth, authenticity, and belief was as complex for early modern people as it is for us, albeit in different terms. Reflecting on what changed between then and now, and on and what didn't, can help us understand better not only the early modern world, but also our own.

India and the Anglo-Muslim Love Affair

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-85
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Science And Literature ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subordinate Role

This chapter explains that it was in India that the British became most fond of Muslims, and there that the relationship acquired an element of romance. For all the Victorians' self-confidence in the superiority of their civilisation, when the relationship with India began in the seventeenth century, the British played a distinctly subordinate role. The early modern world was dominated by three great empires: the Ottomans, based in modern Turkey but stretching far beyond it; the Safavids in Persia; and the Mughals in India. Apart from their military might, all three boasted impressive cultural achievements in terms of art, architecture, science, and literature that made them superior to the Europeans of the time. When the British sought to trade with India at the start of the seventeenth century, they found the country under arguably the greatest of the Mughal emperors, Akbar, who ruled from 1556 to 1605.

Some Reflections On the Relationship Magic-Religion

Numen ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Versnel
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
Functionalist Approach ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe well-known substantialist-'Frazerian'-definitions of magic as distinct from religion by its immediate and individual goals, the concomitant manipulative and coercive attitude, the instrumental and mechanical type of action etc., have been under attack for more than half a century. Anthropologists in particular have argued that no meaningful contrast between religion and magic can be gained from this approach and that our notion 'magic' is a modern-western biased construct which does not fit representations of other cultures. Consequently, in the view of some of them, the term 'magic' should be altogether avoided. Furthermore, with respect to the ancient and early modern world, in which the opposition religion-magic is supposed to have originated, it is argued that magic and religion function exclusively as value-judgments, terms indicating 'magic' being exploited to stigmatize illegitimate or undesired (religious) behaviour of socially or culturally deviant groups. In the present article it is argued that-although admittedly this functionalist approach has yielded remarkable and lasting results-rejection of the term 'magic' will soon turn out to be unworkable and, in fact, is putting the cart before the horse. From an etic point of view-which in the view of the author is the only possible way to conduct scholarly discourse-it will be impossible to do cultural research without the aid of heuristic instruments such as-at least broad, polythetic or prototypical-definitions. And, if possible at all, it would be utterly unpractical to completely eliminate religion as one of the obvious models of contrast. This position is substantiated with some practical instances from the Graeco-Roman world. It is shown that, at least in the context of (magical) curse-tablets and-related but clearly distinct-(religious) prayers for justice or vengeance, the ancient authors were clearly aware of the very same distinctions modern people normally associate with the notions of magic and religion.

Archives and Information in the Early Modern World

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Creative Collaboration ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
The Family ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

This volume investigates the relationship between archives and information in the early modern world. It explores how the physical documentation that proliferated on an unprecedented scale between the 16th and 18th centuries was managed in the context of wider innovations in the sphere of communication and of significant upheaval and change. The chapters assess how archives were implicated in patterns of statecraft and scrutinise critical issues of secrecy and publicity, access and concealment. They analyse the interconnections between documentation and geographical distance, probing the part played by record-keeping in administration, governance, and justice, as well as its links with trade, commerce, education, evangelism, and piety. Alive to how the contents of archives were organised and filed, the contributors place paper technologies and physical repositories under the microscope. Extending beyond the framework of formal institutions to the family, household, and sect, this volume offers fresh insight into the possibilities and constraints of political participation and the nature of human agency. It deepens our understanding of the role of archives in the construction and preservation of knowledge and the exercise of power in its broadest sense. Above all, it calls for greater dialogue and creative collaboration to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.

scholarly journals TRADEMARK AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Тетяна Коваленко
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Communication Policy ◽  
Potential Consumer ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
The Relationship

The whole modern world is imbued with signs. All processes are carried out by means of signs. The signs that surround us have various functions — they indicate the direction of movement,indicate the quality of the product, some have a hidden meaning. A person recognizes the signs and uses them every day. One of these types of marks is a trademark.By accepting information in signs, a person not only reproduces, but also creates a subjective understanding, meaning, meaning based on the principles of one's culture, intelligence, emotions and experience. That is, everyone has the same information, but the meaning and content are different.Modern trademarks are well-established forms of corporate culture. Such a culture extends to various aspects of social interconnections — legal, economic, commercial, cultural, and so on. Trademarks are business cards of companies. Trademarks, among other things, perform a communicative function. Trademarks should declare and represent their owners favorably, form the image of products and services, achieve consumer loyalty, and more. In the context of the expansion of trade and business network companies in the national and global markets, the trademark serves as an instrument for competitive confrontation. Understanding the importance of trademarks in the creating an overall corporate identity, their potential owners understand that the development of trademarks requires considerable effort.The success of companies should be supported by a consistent communication policy. The article discusses some of the communicative properties of a volumetric trademark (in the context of this article, packaging). Through the trademark's communication functions, the relationship between the manufacturer and the potential consumer is established. The formation of relations between the trademark and the consumer is achieved precisely through an effective communication process between them. All elements and functions of communicationbetween the trademark and the consumer should be aimed at providing objective and convincing information not only about the product itself, but also about the trademark. The trademark itself is an integrating element of the communication system, because it combines the goal — the formation of a need, the process-the implementation of the contemplation and the result — the formation of consumer loyalty.

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