scholarly journals Understanding the economics of limited access orders: incentives, organizations and the chronology of developments

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAS VAN BAVEL ◽  
ERIK ANSINK ◽  
BRAM VAN BESOUW
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Social Orders

AbstractIn ‘Violence and Social Orders’, North, Wallis and Weingast highlight the need of societies to control large-scale violence. In response to this need, a variety of social orders has emerged with differing institutional, political and economic characteristics. One of these social orders is the limited access order that was prevalent in most of history and still is nowadays. Taking the conceptual framework of Northet al.as a starting point, we make three advances to their analysis of limited access orders. First, we analyse the incentive structure of actors involved, using a formal model of the main interactions in a limited access order. Second, we decompose organizations into two types and analyse their respective roles. Third, we use insights from historical research to scrutinize the chronology of the rise of organizations. Jointly, this allows us to refine and substantiate the insights gained by Northet al., highlight the role of organizations and place the start of relevant developments earlier in time.

Lessing's Problem and Kierkegaard's Answer

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Campbell
Keyword(s):  
General Position ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Opposite Conclusion ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Necessary Truths ◽  
Theological Debate

Accidental truths of history can never become the proof of necessary truths of reason.It is a tribute to the perspicacity of Lessing and Kierkegaard that their way of investigating the problem of the role of historical investigation in the task of theological construction has set the tone of subsequent discussion. The centrality of their problem in our time is shown up by the way Diem depicts Lessing's question and Kierkegaard's answer as the starting-point of the contemporary theological debate.1 Diem's analysis here is penetrating, even if it only shows up the need for that starting-point to be critically examined.In this article, after an examination of Kierkegaard's general position, what I wish to suggest is (1) that the problem as Lessing has posed it is insoluble, and thus Kierkegaard's paradoxical solution is no solution; (2) that nevertheless, despite his clear dependence on Lessing, Kierkegaard has restated the problem in the only way which shows any promise for a Christian theology; and (3) that the pursuit of this solution requires that faith be not sealed off from ‘natural inquiry’, and consequently, a serious grappling with ordinary historical problems is unavoidable in Christian theology—which is the opposite conclusion to that which Kierkegaard himself drew (and which is widely accepted at the present time).There does seem some truth in saying that any large-scale endeavour to work through a comprehensive programme of thought produces the radical critic who proclaims, after the manner of a prophet, that the programme is wrong-headed and misconceived, and who himself works through the programme for just one reason—to show, once and for all, that the only thing to do is to abandon an impossible investigation. Søren Kierkegaard was such a critic.

scholarly journals Organizational Design: Culture and Incentives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien Kets
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Economics Literature ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Design Culture ◽  
Better Than

Why do some organizations perform so much better than others, and often persistently so? While the economics literature traditionally emphasizes the importance of incentives, other social sciences focus on the role of organizational culture. Yet very little is known about how an organization's incentive structure and its culture jointly shapes its performance. This paper therefore develops a formal model of how an organization's incentives and culture interact. The model offers a unified explanation for a variety of empirical phenomena, including why an organization's culture can be difficult to change and why there can be persistent performance differences across companies even when they have access to the same technology and resources.

scholarly journals The General and the Specific in Modern Historical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Kseniya Vladimirovna Khvostova
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Linguistic Methods

The article focuses on the study of the particular features in understanding the relationship between general and specific manifestations of reality in historical research. The author describes historical civilizations as the unity of social, cultural, political and economic manifestations in societies. The author also examines the role of emergentism and mental causality in the understanding of global social phenomena and gives particular attention to the local-temporal changes in civilizations. The author analyzes the differences in understanding a historical event within the framework of modern philosophy and historical sciences. According to the philosophy of Heidegger and Deleuze, only large-scale phenomena that transcend the boundaries of daily life can be called “events”. An occurrence in everyday life should not be called an event. Taking into account the close ties among major historical events and happenings in daily life, and based on the role of specifics in the modern post-non-classical historical paradigm, the author proposes that the social phenomena of everyday life should also be considered in historical studies as events. The author also discusses the analysis of linguistic methods in historiography and the role of induction in historical research. The text focuses on the particularities of using mathematical methods in the historical analysis of the distant past and highlights historical transdisciplinarity. Finally, the author considers the role of the modern post-non-classical scientific paradigm and the role of synergy in historical research, The findings are illustrated using examples from Byzantine history.

scholarly journals Literature and visual arts as a source of inspiration

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Joanna Miklaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Nature Religion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Instrumental Works ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract This article is a contribution to scientific research on this aspect of Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar’s musical output which concerns the connections between her music and other arts, primarily literature and the visual arts, as well as inspirations flowing from nature, religion, philosophy, and broadly understood culture. The article applies structuralist methodology. The starting point for the analysis of the phenomena in question is the musical work itself, its title and its structure, and in the case of vocal-instrumental works - the content and message of the literary text and the person of its author. In the part of the article which deals with the biography and artistic personality of Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar, as well as by quoting the composer’s own statements in the text, I draw on the personalistic method, especially highly valued in 20th-century philosophy; this method emphasises the role of the human person and personality in analytic work. In the musicological literature to date there exists no separate, large-scale study dedicated to the subject of non-musical inspirations in the works of Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar. This topic has been tackled, however, in scientific dissertations dealing with various aspects of the composer’s work. For example, inspirations from the sphere of the sacrum have been indicated by Marek Stefański (2011), whereas Ewa Mizerska-Golonek (1992) writes about inspirations derived from the Biblical text in Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar’s Song of Songs, and Hanna Kostrzewska (2012) discusses painting as a source of inspiration in the composer’s oeuvre. The main source of information on this subject, however, are the composer’s own statements: her ‘Autorefleksja kompozytorska’ [‘The Composer’s Self-Commentary’]K. Moszumańska-Nazar, ‘Autorefleksja kompozytorska’ [‘The Composer’s Self-Commentary’], in K. Kasperek, Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar. Katalog tematyczny utworów, Cracow, Academy of Music, 2004, pp. 149–153. and interviews.M. Woźna-Stankiewicz, Lwowskie geny osobowości twórczej. Rozmowy z Krystyną Moszumańską-Nazar [The Lviv Gene of Artistic Personality: Interviews with Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar], Cracow, Musica Iagellonica, 2007; M. Janicka-Słysz, ‘Z walcem w tle’ [‘With Waltz in the Background’], interview with Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar, Ruch Muzyczny, no. 18, 2004, pp. 8–9.

scholarly journals Organized Persuasive Communication: A new conceptual framework for research on public relations, propaganda and promotional culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vian Bakir ◽  
Eric Herring ◽  
David Miller ◽  
Piers Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Considerable Confusion

Organized persuasive communication is essential to the exercise of power at national and global levels. It has been studied extensively by scholars of public relations, promotional culture and propaganda. There exists, however, considerable confusion and conceptual limitations across these fields: scholars of PR largely focus on what they perceive to be non-manipulative forms of organized persuasive communication; scholars of propaganda focus on manipulative forms but tend either to examine historical cases or non-democratic states; scholars of promotional culture focus on ‘salesmanship’ in public life. All approaches show minimal conceptual development concerning manipulative organized persuasive communication involving deception, incentivization and coercion. As a consequence, manipulative, propagandistic organized persuasive communication within liberal democracies is a blind spot; it is rarely recognized let alone researched with the result that our understanding and grasp of these activities is stunted. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new conceptual framework that theorizes precisely manipulative forms of persuasion, as well as demarcating what might count as non-manipulative or consensual forms of persuasion. This framework advances PR and propaganda scholarship by clarifying our understanding of manipulative and propagandistic forms of organized persuasive communication and by providing a starting point for more fully evaluating the role of deception, incentivization and coercion, within contemporary liberal democracies.

scholarly journals How does machine translation and post-editing affect project management? An interdisciplinary approach

Hikma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Cristina Plaza-Lara
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Increase In Productivity

Machine translation (MT) and post-editing (PE) are two services that are increasingly in demand in the translation industry. In a context in which large-scale projects are required within tight deadlines, the deployment of this technology to increase productivity is a reality. However, this increase in productivity can only be achieved with appropriate management of the project: MT must not be understood as a tool, but as a process, and project managers, who are usually responsible for the project from start to finish, have to cope with new MT and PE workflows that pose different challenges. Although much has been written about the use of MT and PE in professional practice (resulting in different lines of research in this field), little attention has been paid to the role of the project manager in MT and PE projects. For this reason, the main objective of this paper is to analyse how MT and PE affect the factors that project managers must keep in mind when managing projects, taking as a starting point the most important reference frameworks in project management. The main objective is to offer an interdisciplinary perspective that explains the new challenges the industry is facing and how these challenges affect the different stakeholders involved in the project. 

scholarly journals Defining, Discussing and Evaluating Mobile Learning: The moving finger writes and having writ . . . .

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Traxler
Keyword(s):  
Learning Community ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
Evaluation Methodologies ◽  
Starting Point

\Since the start of the current millennium, experience and expertise in the development and delivery of mobile learning have blossomed and a community of practice has evolved that is distinct from the established communities of 'tethered' e-Learning. This community is currently visible mainly through dedicated international conference series, of which MLEARN is the most prestigious, rather than through any dedicated journals. So far, these forms of development and delivery have focussed on short-term small-scale pilots and trials in the developed countries of Europe, North America, and the Pacific Rim, and there is a taxonomy emerging from these pilots and trials that suggests tacit and pragmatic conceptualisations of mobile learning. What has, however, developed less confidently within this community is any theoretical conceptualisation of mobile learning and with it any evaluation methodologies specifically aligned to the unique attributes of mobile learning. Some advocates of mobile learning attempt to define and conceptualise it in terms of devices and technologies; other advocates define and conceptualise it in terms of the mobility of learners and the mobility of learning, and in terms of the learners’ experience of learning with mobile devices. The role of theory is, perhaps, a contested topic in a community that encompasses philosophical affiliations from empiricists to post-structuralists, each with different expectations about the scope and legitimacy of theory in their work. The mobile learning community may nevertheless need the authority and credibility of some conceptual base. Such a base would provide the starting point for evaluation methodologies grounded in the unique attributes of mobile learning. Attempts to develop the conceptualisations and evaluation of mobile learning, however, must recognise that mobile learning is essentially personal, contextual, and situated; this means it is 'noisy' and this is problematic both for definition and for evaluation. Furthermore, defining mobile learning can emphasise those unique attributes that position it within informal learning, rather than formal. These attributes place much mobile learning at odds with formal learning with its cohorts, courses, semesters, assessments, and campuses, and with its monitoring and evaluation regimes. This raises concerns for the nature of any large-scale and sustained deployment and the extent to which the unique attributes of mobile learning may be lost or compromised. Looking at mobile learning in a wider context, we have to recognise that mobile, personal, and wireless devices are now radically transforming societal notions of discourse and knowledge, and are responsible for new forms of art, employment, language, commerce, deprivation, and crime, as well as learning. With increased popular access to information and knowledge anywhere, anytime, the role of education, perhaps especially formal education, is challenged and the relationships between education, society, and technology are now more dynamic than ever. The paper explores and articulates these issues and the connections between them specifically in the context of the wider and sustained development of mobile learning.

scholarly journals The Оrigin of the Modern State: Imagination, Violence, Institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Oleg Bilyi ◽  
Vitalii Liakh
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
The Self ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Orders

The main idea of the article is to define the role of imagination, violence and institutions in the formation of the modern state as well as to show that the important dimension of the state building is the image of the self, creative capacity of the individual to symbolic self-made activity and self-made reproduction. The symbolic world of the imaginary state is the product of the communities united symbolically, contingency and simultaneously the part of the social orders. The Nort conception of the social orders as the structures that limit and control the violence takes the privilege place in the article. The first model of the social organization is defined as the “order of limited access”, and the second one as the “order of free access”. Thus the different state establishments are formed: “the natural state” that is formed in the natural way according to the violence restrain logic by means of limited access, and “the artificial state” by means of free access to the political and economic resources. In particular the impossibility of the automatic transition from the self-sufficient type of the natural state to the modern democratic state is emphasized. Nort conception is extrapolated on the experience of the Ukrainian independent state state-building after the abortive coup d’etat in 1991. The authors develop the tenet about the conservation of the institutional matrix of the soviet empire in the post-communist Ukraine. It deals with the institutional features: such as the authoritarian management, the secondary role of the law regulations, the supervisory instance uncontrolled by society. The transformation crises, accordingly to the authors approach, determined the conditions and the price of transitional countries entering not only the civilizational space of the contemporary Europe but also the system of global economic, political and social interrelations. This crises conditioned also the changes in the network of the international institutions. It determined the distinctive features of the national identity formation, legitimation strategies in the contemporary Nation-State, and primarily in the newest Ukrainian state-building.

The Role of Sense of Direction and Other Factors During Navigation in a Large-Scale, Unconstrained Environment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Ploran ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
James C. Thompson ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sense Of Direction

The Great Reform and the Fate of Capitalism in Russia (On the 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Reform)

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
In The Beginning

The paper deals with the problem of the establishment of capitalism in Russia in the late 19 - early 20th centuries. Using a wide array of historical research and documents the author argues that the thesis on the advanced state of capitalism in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century does not stand up to historical scrutiny, and the role of the famous Emancipation reform of 1861 appears to be of limited importance.

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