Gender and the underexpression of friendliness in the service context

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Luong
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Relational Aspect ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe double-bind hypothesis proposes that gender-based stereotypes of emotion expression exist, which effect how males and females are evaluated. Using videotapes depicting transactions between male/female employees and customers, the current study examined whether the double-bind hypothesis occurs within a service context. Participants (N = 141) who viewed a male and female service employee expressing friendly or non-friendly emotion evaluated the employees and rated their sincerity. Results provided partial support for the double-bind hypothesis. When service employees failed to express friendly emotion, the female was more negatively evaluated. However, evaluations and ratings of sincerity were not significantly different when both genders expressed friendly emotion. These findings suggest that employees occupy both work and gender roles, and expectations of each role will influence how their emotional expressions are evaluated. Gender of participants also effected service evaluations. Consistent with prior research, females focus more on the relational aspect of service than do males.

Gender and the underexpression of friendliness in the service context

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Luong
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Relational Aspect ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe double-bind hypothesis proposes that gender-based stereotypes of emotion expression exist, which effect how males and females are evaluated. Using videotapes depicting transactions between male/female employees and customers, the current study examined whether the double-bind hypothesis occurs within a service context. Participants (N = 141) who viewed a male and female service employee expressing friendly or non-friendly emotion evaluated the employees and rated their sincerity. Results provided partial support for the double-bind hypothesis. When service employees failed to express friendly emotion, the female was more negatively evaluated. However, evaluations and ratings of sincerity were not significantly different when both genders expressed friendly emotion. These findings suggest that employees occupy both work and gender roles, and expectations of each role will influence how their emotional expressions are evaluated. Gender of participants also effected service evaluations. Consistent with prior research, females focus more on the relational aspect of service than do males.

scholarly journals Personal Strivings as Markers of Adolescents’ Quality of Life: a Gender Based Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Shilpi Aggarwal ◽  
Prof. Punam Midha
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Comparison ◽  
Community Belonging ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Personal Strivings ◽  
Purposive Sample

Adolescence is a very complex and crucial phase of life, where teenagers are caught up in their own web of personal strivings, such as the issues of being, belonging and becoming. Such strivings play a pivotal role in determining their quality of life. Further whether these intrinsic motives (i.e. 3Bs being, belonging and becoming) are being influenced by gender stereotypes is a big issue for the psychologists to explore. Thus the current study is an attempt to explore and compare the levels of being, belonging and becoming (comprising of overall QOL) among male and female adolescents. A purposive sample of 98 adolescents aged 16-18 years, both male (n=44) and female (n=54) was drawn from the colleges of Rewari and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. For measuring personal strivings, Quality Of Life Profile for Adolescent Version Questionnaire (Raphael, Rukholm, Brown, Hill-Bailey & Donato, 1996) was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess the levels of being, belonging and becoming and overall quality of life and gender comparison was done on these variables. Results indicated adequate level of personal strivings leading to overall good quality of life among adolescents (total as well as in both male and female separately). Both males and females have similar levels of quality of life. However, females superseded males in spiritual being and community belonging.

Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy D. Allen ◽  
Seulki "Rachel" Jang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females

The current chapter reviews theory and findings with regard to relationships between gender and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on self-report OCB studies, female employees tend to report that they perform more communal OCB (e.g., altruism) than do male employees, whereas male employees tend to report that they perform more agentic OCB (e.g., sportsmanship) than do female employees. However, supervisors do not appear to rate male and female employees differently on OCB performance. Our review also suggests that even with the same amount of OCB performance, female employees tend to be disadvantaged with regard to career-related outcomes (e.g., promotion) relative to male employees. For future research, we encourage researchers to distinguish between actual and perceived OCB performance and examine associated gender differences. Measurement invariance of OCB across gender, different career success outcomes between males and females, and the effects of gender egalitarianism in cultures also need further investigation.

Gender-based Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influences in Buying Fashion Products in Surabaya, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Evi Thelia Sari
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Interpersonal Influences ◽  
Fashion Products ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gender Based

Objective - As sales in the fashion industry continue to grow, consumer behaviour with respect to purchasing fashion products has also grown. This paper provides an overview of consumers' susceptibility to interpersonal influence (CSII) and examines whether there is the difference between male and female consumers with respect to buying fashion products in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methodology/Technique - The conceptual framework in this paper compares males and females in terms of their normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (NSI) and informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI). The study uses a quantitative methodology with an independent sample t-test for analysis. The data is collected through the distribution of questionnaires to 200 respondents, being 100 males and 100 females, falling between the ages of 17 and 45 years old. Further, all respondents live in Surabaya, Indonesia. Findings – There study results show that thre is no difference in normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (NSI) between males and females however, there is a difference in informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI) between male and female, with respect to purchasing fashion products. Novelty - This study provides an insight into the similarity in normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences and differences in informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI) between males and females. This information may be useful for fashion manufacturers, vendors and other interested stakeholders. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Gender-based Marketing; Consumers' Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influences; Purchasing Behavior; Fashion Products. JEL Classification: M30, M31.

scholarly journals Generation, Gender and Knowledge Gap in Agrobiodiversity Among Smallholders in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Pashupati Chaudhary ◽  
Deepak Upadhya ◽  
Bishnu Dhakal ◽  
Rajeev Dhakal ◽  
Devendra Gauchan
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The importance of generation-old local knowledge in advancing agriculture is well recognized worldwide. However, such knowledge is continually eroding together with the extinction of locally evolved genetic materials. Consequently, the knowledge gap between different age groups is widening. The knowledge gap is also widening between male and female due to continuous shift in gender roles in agriculture. Using responses collected from 120 male and female farmers from Bara, the lowland Terai of Nepal, we assessed inter-generational and gender-based knowledge gap of smallholders on agricultural biodiversity by taking rice crop as an example. Based on the standard definition of younger and older generation, the age group was divided into two: ≤ 34 (15-34) years old and > 34 years old. Information was collected on: i) rice varieties recalled by respondents, ii) rice varieties recognized by observing standing crop on-farm, iii) rice varieties recognized by observing seed samples, and iv) respondent’s experiences and knowledge about selected cultivars. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and Pearson’s Correlation were used to analyze the data. Respondents of age group > 34 years old named and identified significantly (p < 0.01) more varieties than age group ≤ 34 in overall, indicating that the older generation is more knowledgeable and the knowledge hasn’t been adequately inherited to younger generations resulting in the erosion of knowledge. Similarly, males are significantly more knowledgeable than females in overall and among the higher age group category (p < 0.01), likely because males from Madhesi community have wider social networks both within and outside their villages than females. Females are more knowledgeable than males in the lower age group category because girls are engaged more in household chores and farming activities, while boys attain higher grades and travel for off-farm jobs. There was a strong correlation among the three techniques, namely, naming, recognizing standing crops, and recognizing the seeds (p < 0.01). This suggests that all the techniques are robust and can be interchangeably used for such type of studies depending on time and resource availability. This study finally infers that proper knowledge transfer is necessary to reduce the gulf of the knowledge gap between males and females as well as between generations if agrobiodiversity is to be conserved and utilized for growth and development of agriculture in the long run.

Gender Differences in Quality of Work Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Shivani Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females

The purpose of this study is to investigate gender differences in the level of the quality of work life between male and female employees in IT industries. The sample comprised of 150 people, out of which 90 were males and 60 were females from IT industries. Quality of work life was measured through a seven-dimensioned quality of work life (QWL) scale developed by Angus S. McDonald. Following data collection, significant differences regarding quality of work life were examined by using t-test. The findings indicated significant difference in the exhibition of most of the facets of quality of work life between the two groups. These insights can be used for the improved level of quality of work life between males and females in IT industries. This paper presents data and provides insights into the level of quality of work life of the employees.

Perceptions on gender-based differences in educational leadership

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Fakhra Aziz ◽  
Qudsia Kalsoom ◽  
Uzma Quraishi ◽  
Sibte Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Educational Leadership ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This descriptive, qualitative study aimed at identifying disparities in perceptions of males and females regarding gender-based differences in educational leadership. Data were gathered purposively from 20 renowned male and female educationists having a long experience of leadership in various institutes of Pakistan. An open-ended questionnaire was used as a research tool to express their perceptions. Data were thematically analyzed under pre-defined categories borrowed from different leadership theorists. The results showed that both male and female respondents perceive that males have more leadership qualities as compared to females. It is especially true about abilities of decision-making and empowering the employees.

Gender Differences in Quality of Work Life

2022 ◽  
pp. 1922-1930
Author(s):  
Shivani Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females

The purpose of this study is to investigate gender differences in the level of the quality of work life between male and female employees in IT industries. The sample comprised of 150 people, out of which 90 were males and 60 were females from IT industries. Quality of work life was measured through a seven-dimensioned quality of work life (QWL) scale developed by Angus S. McDonald. Following data collection, significant differences regarding quality of work life were examined by using t-test. The findings indicated significant difference in the exhibition of most of the facets of quality of work life between the two groups. These insights can be used for the improved level of quality of work life between males and females in IT industries. This paper presents data and provides insights into the level of quality of work life of the employees.

scholarly journals Gender Differences In The Fear Of Crime Victimization And Precautionary Behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Taskeen Mansoor ◽  
Rukhsana Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This quantitative study was conducted to explore the gender differences in the fear of crime victimization and associated precautionary behaviours. A questionnaire was designed and administered on 180 students of public and private universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data analyzed in SPSS showed a significant difference in the responses of males and females where females were more worried and felt more unsafe about being a victim of a crime than males. More females observed precautionary behaviours to avoid being a victim of a crime in relation to the males. The females were fearful of crime related to use of public transport, sexual and gender based attack whereas males feared verbal abuse by strangers or acquaintances. It was discussed that females, being members of a marginalized and vulnerable group, may consider themselves as potential victims to crimes, and therefore exhibit a high fear of crime along with higher incidence of precautionary behaviour. Furthermore, in the patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society, the socio-cultural norms and traditional gender role socialization teach the boys to be dominant, risk-takers and fearless and the girls to be submissive, risk avoiding and fearful which tends to restrict the mobility and freedom of females.

Segregation, Innocence, and Gender Construction

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-106
Author(s):  
Tom O’Donoghue ◽  
Judith Harford
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Gender Construction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Church

The Catholic Church ensured its teachers operated the secondary schools in such a manner that the sexes were segregated. That it did partly because of its view that if there were not appropriate safeguards, young people would readily engage in sexual relations before marriage, a practice considered gravely sinful. Thus, it promoted single-sex education to minimize threats in this regard. Equally, it promoted it to perpetuate the domestication of women and to encourage students, both male and female, to join the religious life, a matter dealt with in detail in the next chapter. For the same reasons, the Catholic bishops and the schools’ authorities also frowned on the provision of sex education. The Church also operated the secondary schools to construct as it desired those Irish Catholic males and females it recognized were not going to enter religious life.

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