scholarly journals Gender Differences In The Fear Of Crime Victimization And Precautionary Behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Taskeen Mansoor ◽  
Rukhsana Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This quantitative study was conducted to explore the gender differences in the fear of crime victimization and associated precautionary behaviours. A questionnaire was designed and administered on 180 students of public and private universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data analyzed in SPSS showed a significant difference in the responses of males and females where females were more worried and felt more unsafe about being a victim of a crime than males. More females observed precautionary behaviours to avoid being a victim of a crime in relation to the males. The females were fearful of crime related to use of public transport, sexual and gender based attack whereas males feared verbal abuse by strangers or acquaintances. It was discussed that females, being members of a marginalized and vulnerable group, may consider themselves as potential victims to crimes, and therefore exhibit a high fear of crime along with higher incidence of precautionary behaviour. Furthermore, in the patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society, the socio-cultural norms and traditional gender role socialization teach the boys to be dominant, risk-takers and fearless and the girls to be submissive, risk avoiding and fearful which tends to restrict the mobility and freedom of females.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli as uropathogen: antibiotic susceptibility profiling

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Anuja Jha ◽  
Manju Agrawal ◽  
Arvind Neral ◽  
Rajesh Hishikar ◽  
Basant Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
P Value ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Uncomplicated Cystitis

Background: Empirically chosen antibiotics based on the local resistance pattern of uropathogens remain the principle treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).Methods: Antibiogram of most frequent uropathogen was determined. Based on the antibiogram result, authors compared effectiveness of drugs recommended for UTI by National centre for disease control (NCDC), India, and assessed age and gender based variability in the effectiveness of these drugs.Results: 1278 urine samples were accounted, of which 405 samples showed significant growth. E. coli was the most common uropathogen (n=146, 36%) followed by enterococcus species (31%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%). Using McNemar’s test authors found that nitrofurantoin (90% sensitivity) was statistically the most effective drug among drugs recommended by NCDC for uncomplicated cystitis. Furthermore, authors used Fisher’s exact test on adults and paediatrics and found that significant difference in effectiveness was observed for nitrofurantoin (p-value <0.001) and cotrimoxazole (p-value 0.034). Using logistic regression, authors found that with age, effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole deteriorate significantly (p-value 0.021 and 0.002 respectively). Additionally, authors observed that cotrimoxazole has significantly better efficacy in males compared to females (p-value 0.022).Conclusions: In accordance with present study, nitrofurantoin can be used as first line treatment for uncomplicated cystitis. Age and gender should be considered while prescribing empirical treatment for UTI. Periodic surveillance should be carried out to identify the on-going pattern of antibiogram to update the guideline for empirical therapy.

The Role of Deceptive Communication and Gender in Shaping Online Dating Interactions

2019 ◽  
pp. 460-474
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Kuzio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deceptive Communication

Online dating is becoming an increasingly used method for meeting significant others. As the research of lying behavior has advanced so has the technique of detecting the act of lying, especially in the online environment where deception is more likely to happen. The aim of this chapter is to simplify the perception of lying behavior to the general population and examine gender differences of lying behavior, namely, to verify whether one can observe a statistically significant difference in the speech behavior and exploitation of lying cues among men and women. The study shows correlation between gender and deception in online environment.

Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction of Bank Officers: Role of Type of Organization and Gender

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Anita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Job Involvement ◽  
Private Bank ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Female Officers

The main objective of the present study was to examine and compare the level of job involvement and job satisfaction of public and private bank officers. A 2X2 Factorial design was used to study the role of organization and gender on job involvement and job satisfaction The sample of the study comprised of forty bank officers who were divided into two groups of organization i.e. private banks (n=20) and government banks (n=20), these subjects were further divided into two sub-groups based on genders, males (n-10) and females (n=10) included in equal number. Results revealed significant differences between public and private bank officers and males and females and were in line with all the hypotheses on all the variables. The main findings were: (1) the public and private sector bank officers differed significantly on the variable of job involvement as the mean value of private sector bank officers was significantly higher as compared to public sector bank officers. (2) There was a significant difference for gender on the variable of job involvement. The female officers reported higher level of job involvement as compared to their counterparts viz. males of both the sectors irrespective of their organizations. (3) There was a significant difference for groups on the variable of job satisfaction. The job satisfaction of private sector bank officers was significantly higher as compared to public sector bank officers. (4) There was a significant difference for gender on the variable of job satisfaction. The female officers of both the sectors reported significantly higher level of job satisfaction to that of males.

The impact of other customers and gender on consumer complaint behaviour in the Ecuadorian restaurant setting

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Alei (Aileen) Fan ◽  
Hubert B. Van Hoof ◽  
Sandra Pesantez Loyola ◽  
Sebastián Calle Lituma ◽  
Marlene Jaramillo Granda
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Customer Complaint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Customer complaint behaviour, in response to service failures, has been shown to vary based on numerous factors, such as the nature of the service encounter, the setting, culture, gender and the presence of others. The gender-based study reported in this paper demonstrates the impact of two of these factors, i.e. the presence of others and gender, on the intent of Ecuadorian customers to voice their complaints about service failures in a restaurant setting. Employing a theoretical framework of impression management and cultural orientation, and with specific reference to Hofstede’s work on cultural differences, this study found that Ecuadorian customers were less likely to complain in the presence of other customers than when they were alone. Impression management and concern for others were shown to be more significant among women than men. Women were found to be more motivated to manage their public image and create positive impressions in other people’s minds, leading to less intent to complain in the presence of other customers than when they were alone. Male customers, on the other hand, exhibited less concern for others and did not show any significant difference in their complaint intentions, whether they were alone or in the presence of others.

Gender and the underexpression of friendliness in the service context

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Luong
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Relational Aspect ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe double-bind hypothesis proposes that gender-based stereotypes of emotion expression exist, which effect how males and females are evaluated. Using videotapes depicting transactions between male/female employees and customers, the current study examined whether the double-bind hypothesis occurs within a service context. Participants (N = 141) who viewed a male and female service employee expressing friendly or non-friendly emotion evaluated the employees and rated their sincerity. Results provided partial support for the double-bind hypothesis. When service employees failed to express friendly emotion, the female was more negatively evaluated. However, evaluations and ratings of sincerity were not significantly different when both genders expressed friendly emotion. These findings suggest that employees occupy both work and gender roles, and expectations of each role will influence how their emotional expressions are evaluated. Gender of participants also effected service evaluations. Consistent with prior research, females focus more on the relational aspect of service than do males.

scholarly journals A Cohort of Gender-Based Outcomes in Hepatitis B and C after Cardiac Surgery

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Objective: Our research article aimed to determine if six-month mortality amongst hepatitis B and C patients undergoing cardiac surgery varied according to gender, post-operatively. Secondarily, we highlighted the significant differences among the two genders in their pre-operative, operative, and post-operative characteristics and deduced significant predictors of mortality. Methods: We obtained approval from the International Review Board of the Dow University of Health Sciences, and conducted a retrospective study targeting hepatitis B and C patients who had undergone cardiac surgery between January 2013 to October 2018 at the Ruth Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 20.0). The population was divided into two groups, based on gender. Chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables and odd ratios with 95% confidence interval were also computed. Differences in continuous variables were assessed using independent T-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There was no significant difference in six-month mortality between the genders, with a 22.5% mortality in males and 20.0% mortality in females. Post-operatively, males had higher creatinine (p=0.003) levels but females tended to have a longer ward stay (p=0.032). On multivariate logistic regression, duration of intubation (aOR=1.131, 95% CI: 1.002-1.275), cardiopulmonary bypass time (aOR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.002-1.059) and duration of ward stay (aOR=1.100, 95% CI: 1.031-1.175) were found to be significant predictors of mortality. Conclusion: There is no association between six-month mortality and gender among hepatitis B and C patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Additionally, duration of intubation, cardiopulmonary bypass time and duration of ward stay are significant predictors of six-month mortality.

scholarly journals Relationship between Empathy, Forgiveness and Marital Adjustment in Couples

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallavi Gaur ◽  
Dr Aradhana Balodi Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Marital Adjustment ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Marital adjustment is gaining increasing concern in the modern society. Marital adjustment is a process during which partners in a marriage change and adapt to their new roles accompanying each other acting as a team different to two separate units. Levels of empathy and levels of forgiveness could be factors in determining a relationship with marital adjustment. Marital adjustment is an important predictor and factors like empathy and forgiveness that enhance the marital quality and marital satisfaction in a marriage can be studied as mediators of marital adjustment. High levels of empathy will have a positive relationship with marital adjustment. High levels of forgiveness will have a positive relationship with marital adjustment. Focusing on forgiveness and empathy as having a positive relationship with marital adjustment, it can be said the ability to forgive a partner and the willingness to grant forgiveness is on of the most important contributors to marital adjustment. Empathy between couples means having the ability to feel and understand the thoughts and emotions of the other partner. Having the ability to listen to and relating to the partner’s feelings is very important and this has a great impact on how the relationship works thereby affecting the levels of adjustment. Methods: The current study aimed at studying the relationship between empathy, forgiveness and marital adjustment in couples. The study was conducted on 80 married individuals, i.e, 40 married males and40 married females. It was hypothesized that higher levels of forgiveness would have a positive relationship with marital adjustment; higher levels of empathy would have a positive relationship with marital adjustment. It was also hypothesized that there would be significant gender differences in regard of forgiveness and empathy between couples. Results & Implications: The study reported that higher levels of empathy have a positive relationship with marital adjustment. On the dimensions of forgiveness also the study reported a positive relationship between forgiveness and marital adjustment. There were significant gender differences between males and females on the domains of empathy and forgiveness in a marital relationship. The study provides an opportunity for further research across age and gender to uncover the possible differences or similarities that may be present. Also it adds to the already existing data pool with equivocal studies.

scholarly journals Combating the Harassment of Women at Workplace: An Analysis of Legislation in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-93
Author(s):  
Rafia Naz Ali ◽  
Johar Wajahat ◽  
Muhammad Jan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Status ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The 3 P's, i.e., the security, promotion, and provision of fundamental rights to its people, are widely regarded as the hallmarks of an effective legal system. These 3Ps are enforced in both formal and informal legal structures. Gender-based violence (GBV) at work is the most well-known form of GBV in our culture, which is marked by patriarchy and gender segregation. When harassment occurs in the workplace, it makes a female's working experience unpleasant, harmful, and aggressive. It makes it difficult for her to obtain a legitimate position and respect in the workplace. According to a survey, 77 percent of Pakistani women employed in different occupations are unaware of their human rights in cases of sexual abuse. According to the National Commission on the Status of Women, 50 percent of women interviewed from the public and private sectors had been sexually harassed and were hesitant to report the truth. The Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act of 2010 was enacted in Pakistan's history to protect women from mischief and ensure a safe workplace. It manifested constitutional protections enlisted under Fundamental rights. Non-traditional job structures, such as farm work, domestic and home-based work, are part of Pakistan's socio-economic culture. Even on non-traditional job bases, the Act of 2010 made it possible to directly contact the Office of Ombudsperson or file a criminal complaint. This article aims to examine the current state and efficacy of workplace discrimination legislation.

scholarly journals Career aspirations among specialty residents: a gender-based comparison

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Cathelain ◽  
Mercedes Jourdain ◽  
Charlotte Cordonnier ◽  
Sophie Catteau Jonard ◽  
Deborah Sebbane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Abstract Background - Two recent studies looked at the career choice of residents in obstetrics & gynecology. It seemed useful to us to broaden this questioning to other specialties, by proposing a study to all residents in the same Faculty. The objective of our study was to describe residents career aspirations and possible barriers according to gender.Methods – Declarative cross-sectional survey, using questionnaires sent by email to the specialty residents of the Faculty of Medicine of Lille (France). An analysis by specialty group (i.e. medicine, surgery, obstetrics & gynecology and anesthesia & resuscitation) and a comparison of the results according to gender were performed. Results – Of the 1,384 specialty residents currently in training, 462 answered the questionnaires (33.38%), among whom 289 women and 173 men (average age = 27.08 years +/- 0.091). 17 women (5.9%) were currently considering a university hospital career versus 37 men (21.4%) (p = 0.001). Gender analysis made it possible to identify obstacles to engaging in a university career: lacking female model, more frequent doubting in the ability to lead this type of career among women (61.6%) than men (35.3%) (p <0.001), and gender discrimination felt in the workplace for 51.6% of women (versus 7.5% of men, p <0.001). Subgroup analysis showed specificities related to each specialty. Conclusions – Few residents plan to embark upon a university hospital career, let alone female residents. There are specificities specific to each specialty and marked gender differences regarding career aspirations. Many obstacles have been identified as obstacles to access to university hospital positions for women. It is important to develop strategies to remove these barriers and enable women to pursue such university careers. Trial registration – Not applicable (no intervention)

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