Growth, fecundity, and competition between aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant and -susceptible Asia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax)

AbstractAsia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.) is a problem grass weed of winter crops in China, where a population has become resistant to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides. The mechanism of resistance is due to an Ile-2041-Asn mutation of the ACCase gene. Screen house experiments were conducted to study the growth, fecundity characteristics, and competitive ability of this aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant (APP-R) biotype compared with a susceptible (APP-S) biotype. When grown under noncompetitive conditions, the APP-R P. fugax developed more rapidly than the APP-S plants, with earlier tiller and panicle emergence and seed shedding; the APP-R P. fugax set seeds nearly 12 d earlier than the APP-S biotype. APP-R and APP-S biotypes had similar aboveground dry weight before the flowering stage. Fecundity of the APP-R biotype was similar to the APP-S biotype (8.57 g seeds plant−1 and 0.17 g seeds panicle−1 versus 8.22 g seeds plant−1 and 0.13 g seeds panicle−1, respectively). Ultimately, the relatively slower-developing APP-S P. fugax had 50% more shoot dry weight than the APP-R plants. Relative competitiveness among the APP-R and APP-S P. fugax biotypes was investigated through replacement series experiments. No difference in competitive ability was measured between APP-R and APP-S biotypes on the basis of shoot dry weight before the tillering stage. These results indicate that there is no apparent fitness penalty for the APP-R P. fugax. The shorter growth cycle of APP-R with no apparent fitness penalty suggests that growers will need begin weed control earlier and possibly include vegetative crops with an even shorter growth cycle in their rotations.

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RELATIVE COMPETITIVENESS OF GOOSEGRASS BIOTYPES AND SOYBEAN CROPS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n201rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JADER JOB FRANCO ◽

DIRCEU AGOSTINETTO ◽

ANA CLAUDIA LANGARO ◽

LAIS TESSARI PERBONI ◽

LEANDRO VARGAS

Keyword(s):

Competitive Ability ◽

Total Population ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Genetically Modified Soybean ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Soybean Crop ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Control Failure ◽

Level Resistance

ABSTRACT The goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn) is an annual plant that has a low-level resistance to glyphosate (LLRG), resulting in control failure in genetically modified soybean crops for resistance to this herbicide. Alleles related to resistance may cause changes in the plant biotype, such as inferior competitive ability. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluated the competitive ability of soybean crops and susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. Replacement series experiments were conducted with soybean crops and goosegrass biotypes. The ratios of soybean to susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass plants were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, with a total population of 481 plants m-2. The leaf area, plant height and shoot dry weight were evaluated at 40 days after emergence of the soybean crops and weeds. The soybean crop had superior competitive ability to the susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The soybean crop showed similar competitive ability in both competitions, either with the susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The intraspecific competition was more harmful to the soybean crop, while the interspecific competition caused greater damage to the goosegrass biotypes competing with the soybean crop.

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Fitness Cost and Competitive Ability to Different Ploidy Levels in Ryegrass Genotypes

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.F. SCHMITZ ◽

J. CECHIN ◽

J.R. HENCKES ◽

C. PIASECKI ◽

D. AGOSTINETTO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Competitive Ability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fitness Cost ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Seed Yield Components ◽

Diploid Genotype ◽

Intergenotypic Competition

ABSTRACT: The intergenotypic competition of tetraploid ryegrass with natural diploid population may be a tool to reduce the frequency of resistant individuals in an area. This study aimed to identify and compare the phenological development, fitness cost, and competitive ability between diploid and tetraploid ryegrass genotypes. Genotypes were grown in pots, and the morphological variables of genotype growth were assessed every 15 days up to 120 days after emergence to evaluate the fitness cost. Phenological development and seed yield components were measured in a single time together with the fitness cost. Competitive ability was determined in a replacement-series experiment with proportions of tetraploid and diploid ryegrass, in which the number of tillers, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were assessed at 50 days after emergence. The results of fitness cost showed that the number of tillers, leaf area, root dry weight, and the number of seeds were higher for tetraploid ryegrass, which presented a higher competitive ability than the diploid genotype regardless of the tested proportions. Tetraploid ryegrass may be useful for reducing the frequency of herbicide-resistant diploid ryegrass because of its higher competitive potential.

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Initial growth and competitive ability of yellow nutsedge and irrigated rice

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582013000400007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 813-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N.R. Westendorff ◽

D. Agostinetto ◽

A.R. Ulguim ◽

A.C. Langaro ◽

L. Thürmer

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Competitive Ability ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

Rice Crop ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Dry Biomass

Weeds cause significant reduction in the irrigated rice crop yield. Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is adapted to irrigate environment. Information on the competitive ability of the weed to the culture, and their environmental adaptation, are scarce. In this study, we sought to determine the initial growth and competitive ability of yellow nutsedge and irrigated rice, as a function of cultivar growth cycle. Initial growth and competition studies were conducted in a randomized complete design in a greenhouse in the agricultural year 2010/11. For the initial growth study, the treatments consisted of a factorial combination of a biotype of yellow nutsedge and two rice cultivars in the function of the vegetative cycle (BRS Querência: early cycle - IRGA 424: intermediate cycle) and six evaluation times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after emergence). Were evaluated: plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry biomass and root dry biomass. In the competitive ability study in the replacement series, the cultivar BRS Querência (early cycle) and yellow nutsedge were utilized and tested in different proportions of competition (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). Were evaluated leaf area and aboveground dry biomass. In general, rice cultivars have an adaptive value equivalent to yellow nutsedge. IRGA 424 cultivar has less height than weed, becoming the weed control more important in this cultivar. For rice crop, intraspecific competition is more important, whereas for the weed, interspecific competition is the most pronounced.

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The relative competitiveness of atrazine susceptible and resistant populations of Chenopodium album and C. strictum

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b81-097 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 689-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

S. I. Warwick ◽

L. Black

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Competitive Ability ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Reproductive Biomass ◽

Susceptible Populations

The total aboveground biomass and reproductive dry weight of one atrazine resistant and one susceptible population from southern Ontario of each of two species of Chenopodium, C. album and C. strictum, were compared. The comparison was made between plants grown under both noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Results from a spaced noncompetitive trial provided evidence for: (1) greater total and reproductive biomass production and earlier flowering of resistant and susceptible populations of C. album as compared with both populations of C. strictum, (2) greater aboveground total and reproductive biomass production of the susceptible population of C. album as compared with the resistant population, and (3) greater total aboveground biomass production (but similar reproductive biomass) of the susceptible population of C. strictum as compared with the resistant population. Results from the competition trials (i.e., plants grown in a de Wit replacement series), provided evidence for inter- and intra-specific differences in competitive ability: (1) the susceptible population of C. album was found to be more competitive than the susceptible population of C. strictum, (2) the susceptible population of C. album was a superior competitor to the resistant population, and (3) the resistant and susceptible populations of C. strictum appeared to be equally competitive.

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Relative Competitiveness Between Cultivated and Weedy Rice under Full and Low Light

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582020380100039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

Author(s):

C.E. SCHAEDLER ◽

W. LUBIAN ◽

P.C. LIMA ◽

D.M. CHIAPINOTTO

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Rice Cultivar ◽

Weedy Rice ◽

Cultivated Rice ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Low Light ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Rice Monoculture

ABSTRACT: Cultivated and weedy rice biotypes exhibit morphophysiological variations under low light, affecting competition between plants. The aim of this study was to assess relative competitiveness between cultivated and weedy rice under full and low light. Three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments in the experiment I were arranged in additive series while in the experiments II and III treatments were arranged in replacement series. Experiments II and III were carried out concomitantly to assess coexistence between the rice cultivar and weedy rice. The treatments consisted of different plants proportions: 100:0 (cultivated rice monoculture), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (weedy rice monoculture), keeping the total plant population obtained in experiment I (240 plants m-2) constant. Experiment II was conducted with full solar radiation and III under 50% light. The variables analyzed were shoot dry weight and plant height, 35 days after emergence (DAE). Competition among plants was evaluated via graphs and by interpreting competition indices. Concerning shoot dry weight, mutual losses were recorded between competitors, whereas equal competition for resources was observed for plant height. Weedy rice was more competitive than cultivated rice regardless of the light environment assessed, indicating the need for integrated methods to control this weed.

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Interference of Sorghum sudanense and Eleucine indica in the soybean and corn cultivation

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000100003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.A. Rizzardi ◽

A.C.D. Wandscheer

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Competitive Analysis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Numerous Species ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Sorghum Sudanense ◽

Corn Plants

The natural infestations are composed of numerous species that compete for environmental resources such as water, light, nutrients and space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of mixed infestations Sorghum sudanense (sudangrass) and Eleusine indica (goosegrass) in the presence of soybean and corn. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and the experimental units consisted of plastic pots with a volume capacity of 8 L. The treatments were associations of plants S. sudanense and E. indica in the proportions 8:0, 6:2, 4:4,2:6 and 0:8, respectively, corresponding to 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% S. sudanense and the reverse for E. indica. In all treatments remained constant four soybean or corn plants per experimental unit. The variables analyzed in the weeds were shoot dry weight, root, total and height of plants. The competitive analysis was accomplished through diagrams applied to replacement series experiment and indexes of competiveness. The results indicated that E. indica was more competitive than S. sudanense in mixed infestations with corn. Rather, S. sudanense was more competitive than E. indica, in mixed infestations with soybean, demonstrating differences in competitiveness among the weeds.

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Weed-Competitive Ability of Forage Maize Cultivars against Barnyardgrass

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.174-178.2940 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 174

Author(s):

Khawar Jabran

Keyword(s):

Competitive Ability ◽

Research Work ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Maize Plants ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Weed-competitive cultivars are desired in the wake of growing popularity of organic farming, environmental pollution and evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. This research work evaluated the weed competitive ability of three forage maize cultivars (ADA-523, AGA and SASA-5) against the noxious weed barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.). The study was conducted in spring 2018 and repeated in summer 2018. Results of this study showed that maize-barnyardgrass competition significantly decreased the growth of forage maize plants. For instance, barnyardgrass decreased the maize plant height by 11.9-16.9%, leaf length by 13.3-20.2%, leaf width by 20.2-27.4%, and number of leaves by 14.3-25.0%. Fresh and dry weights of maize plants were also significantly decreased as a result of weed-crop competition. Barnyardgrass decreased the shoot fresh weight (30.7-60.6%), shoot dry weight (33.3-52.2%), leaf fresh weight (33.4-56.5%) and leaf dry weight (31.9-50.0%) of the maize plants. An interactive effect of weed × maize cultivars was found non-significant. Forage maize cultivars also varied occasionally for their traits. Nevertheless, ADA-523 had a higher plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight than the cultivars AGA and SASA-5. On the other hand, the cultivar SASA-5 had a higher shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root fresh weight than the other cultivars in the study. This research work concluded that the forage maize cultivars in the study did not vary for the weed-competitive ability. Further, barnyardgrass-maize competition could decrease the growth and development of the maize cultivars.

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The competitive ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) compared to rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and cowcockle (Vaccaria hispanica)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088706 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Abbes Tanji ◽

Robert L. Zimdahl ◽

Philip Westra

Keyword(s):

Competitive Ability ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Semiarid Areas ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Rigid Ryegrass ◽

Growth Analyses ◽

Competition Growth

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study competition between wheat and rigid ryegrass or between wheat and cowcockle using additive series and growth analysis. Wheat was the dominant competitor with either weed. One wheat plant was as competitive as 1 1 or 19 rigid ryegrass plants in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. One wheat plant was as competitive as three to 24 cowcockle plants, depending on environmental conditions. Dry weight of roots, leaves, stems, and spikes or capsules responded similarly to the effects of competition between wheat and rigid ryegrass or cowcockle. Shoot dry weight was the easiest, fastest, and least expensive component to measure competition. Growth analyses of individual plants showed that wheat had a greater leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, and absolute growth rate than rigid ryegrass or cowcockle, particularly early in the season. A range of 120 to 240 wheat plants m−2can minimize rigid ryegrass or cowcockle competition and achieve an acceptable grain yield in semiarid areas in Morocco.

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Grass Interference in Container-Grown Bailey's Redosier Dogwood (Cornus × baileyi)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075512 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 621-624

Author(s):

Kandy L. Walker ◽

David J. Williams

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Ester ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Grass Weed ◽

Large Crabgrass

Experiments conducted for two consecutive years indicated measurable interference of barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and giant foxtail with container-grown Bailey's redosier dogwood as early as 21 days after transplanting of grass seedlings into the containers. Few differences in interference were seen among the three grass weeds. Grass weed densities ranging from one to six weeds per container reduced the dogwood growth. By the termination of the studies, dogwood shoot dry weight, averaged over all grass weeds, was decreased as much as 72% by five weeds per container. Eight weeks after recommended rates of fenoxaprop, haloxyfop, and ethyl ester of quizalofop were applied to dogwood, no phytotoxicity was apparent. These compounds exhibited selectivity for postemergence use in Bailey's redosier dogwood.

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Does Resistance to Propanil or Clomazone Alter the Growth and Competitive Abilities of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)?

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-10-00151.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 353-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Prashant Jha ◽

Kenneth Smith

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Competitive Abilities ◽

Pressure Resistance

Barnyardgrass biotypes resistant (R) to propanil (PR) or clomazone (CR) have been confirmed in rice production systems in Arkansas. However, it is not clear whether resistance to these herbicides impose any fitness cost on theRbiotypes compared to susceptible barnyardgrass (S). The overall objective of this experiment was to determine if the growth and competitiveness of barnyardgrass is altered by resistance to propanil or clomazone and to establish a competitive hierarchy among theS,PR, andCRbiotypes. A replacement series study was conducted in a greenhouse using five proportions ofSandRbiotypes (0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25, and 100 : 0). The study was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The variables, including plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, and shoot dry weight, were used for quantifying the differences in competitive abilities. Replacement series indices were calculated to explore the competitiveness. Expected (He) and observed (Ho) values for relative yield (RY) and relative yield total (RYT) were compared for number of tillers, number of leaves, and shoot dry weight for each biotype comparison. Other replacement series indices including competitive ratio (CR), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), and aggressiveness index (AI) also were calculated for these variables. The results showed that there were no major differences among theSandRbiotypes for these variables, indicating that in the absence of selection pressure, resistance to propanil or clomazone does not influence the growth and competitiveness of barnyardgrass. The findings will be useful for predicting the dynamics of resistant populations in the absence of herbicide selection and for designing suitable management strategies.

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