Identification of a Paraquat Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Population from a Central Alabama Vegetable Production Field

Abstract A goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) population uncontrolled by paraquat (R) in a vegetable production field in St. Clair County, Alabama was collected in Summer 2019. Research was conducted to assess the level of resistance of the suspected resistant population compared to three population with no suspected paraquat resistance (S1, S2, and S3). Visual injury at all rating dates and biomass reduction at 28 days after treatment (DAT) of S populations occurred exponentially to increasing paraquat rates. S biotypes were injured greater than R at 3 DAT with biomass recovery at 28 DAT only occurring at rates < 0.28 kg ha−1. Plant death or biomass reduction did not occur for any rate at any date for R. Paraquat rates that induced 50% or 90% injury or reduced biomass 50% or 90% compared to the non-treated (I50 or I90, respectively) ranged from 10 to 124X higher I50 for R compared to S and 54 to 116X higher I90 for R compared to S biotypes. These data confirm a paraquat resistant E. indica biotype in Alabama providing additional germplasm for study of Resistance to photosystem I-electron diverting (PSI-ED) resistance mechanisms.

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First Report of Glyphosate-Resistant Biotype of Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. in Europe

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10111692 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1692

Author(s):

Donato Loddo ◽

Gaetano Imperatore ◽

Andrea Milani ◽

Silvia Panozzo ◽

Silvia Farinati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Reduction ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Dna Analyses ◽

Plant Nursery ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Target Site Resistance

Glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. have been detected in Asia, the Americas but not in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate resistance levels and possible target site resistance mechanisms of an E. indica biotype (19-1) collected from a plant nursery in Southern Italy where poor glyphosate efficacy was reported. Two dose-response experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of biotype 19-1 to glyphosate in comparison with two susceptible checks. 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) sequencing was performed to identify possible mutations conferring the resistance. The susceptible biotypes were completely controlled at the glyphosate recommended field dose of 360 g ae ha−1, while 50% of the plants of biotype 19-1 survived at 1440 g ae ha−1. The resistance index of biotype 19-1 ranged between 5.8 and 7.3 for the response variables of fresh weight reduction and plant survival, respectively. All the plants surviving glyphosate application and sampled for DNA analyses had the point mutation P106A. The biotype 19-1 can be confirmed as glyphosate-resistant, representing the first glyphosate-resistant population of E. indica in Europe.

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Paraquat Resistance of Weeds - the Case of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2001-5-601 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 56 (5-6) ◽

pp. 319-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zoltán Szigeti ◽

Ilona Rácz ◽

Demeter Lásztity

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Conyza Canadensis ◽

General Stress Response ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽

Paraquat Resistance ◽

Polyamine Content ◽

Inducible Protein ◽

Inactive Cell

The paper gives an overview of literature on paraquat resistance of weeds and the proposed mechanism of resistance. New results we achieved on horseweed ( Conyza canadensis /L./, Cronq.) are discussed in detail. It was demonstrated that there is no significant constitutive difference related to the paraquat resistance between untreated susceptible and paraquat-resistant horseweed plants. The lower sensitivity of flowering resistant plants may be due to the fact that paraquat content in treated leaves of flowering resistant plants was only 25% as compared to those measured at rosette stage. Our results confirm that paraquat resistance is not based on elevated level and activity of antioxidant enzyme system. The hypothesized role of polyamines in the resistance mechanisms can be excluded. The higher putrescine and total polyamine content of paraquat treated resistant leaves can rather be regarded as a general stress response, than as a symptom of paraquat resistance. A paraquat-inducible protein is supposed to play a role in the resistance, which presumably functions by binding paraquat to an inactivating site and/ or by carrying paraquat to metabolically inactive cell compartment (vacuole, cell wall). From model experiments it is concluded that paraquat and diquat preferentially form hydrophylic interactions with proteins containing a higher amount of lysine and glutamic acid. Consequently, the reason for paraquat resistance in horseweed is probably a hydrophylic interaction of paraquat with a protein, leading to inactivation of paraquat through forming a conjugate and/or sequestration into the vacuole or the cell wall.

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Sequestration and Oxygen Radical Detoxification as Mechanisms of Paraquat Resistance

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500080395 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 277-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Jonathan J. Hart ◽

Joseph M. Di Tomaso

Keyword(s):

Active Oxygen Species ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Oxygen Radical ◽

Membrane Properties ◽

Chloroplast Envelope ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Paraquat Resistance ◽

Plant Cell Membranes ◽

Scavenging Enzymes

Evidence in the literature has generally supported either of two paraquat resistance mechanisms: an increase in activity of oxygen radical-scavenging enzymes in resistant plants which affords protection from active oxygen species formed by paraquat; and sequestration of paraquat away from its site of action in the chloroplast. Evidence for the first model relies primarily on measurement of increased enzyme activity and cross-resistance to other oxygen radical-generating stresses in resistant plants. The sequestration model is supported by data showing decreased translocation of paraquat and absence of paraquat injury in plant systems that do not have increased levels of protective enzymes. An alteration in paraquat transport at one of several plant cell membranes could confer resistance by modifying movement of paraquat into the compartment bounded by that membrane. Properties of the plasmalemma, chloroplast envelope, and tonoplast that may be important to paraquat transport are discussed and data supporting or discounting specific membrane alterations in resistant plants are presented. Finally, the possibility that both mechanisms may work in concert is addressed.

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Evaluation of Paraquat Resistance Mechanisms in Conyza

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1006/pest.1993.1055 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 236-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

M.A. Norman ◽

E.P. Fuerst ◽

R.J. Smeda ◽

K.C. Vaughn

Keyword(s):

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Paraquat Resistance

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Resistance of Trichoplusia ni Populations Selected by Bacillus thuringiensis Sprays to Cotton Plants Expressing Pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03382-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

pp. 1884-1890 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Wendy Kain ◽

Xiaozhao Song ◽

Alida F. Janmaat ◽

Jian-Zhou Zhao ◽

Judith Myers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Trichoplusia Ni ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Bt Cotton ◽

Content Type ◽

Bt Toxin ◽

Bt Toxins ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

Incomplete Resistance

ABSTRACTTwo populations ofTrichoplusia nithat had developed resistance toBacillus thuringiensissprays (Bt sprays) in commercial greenhouse vegetable production were tested for resistance to Bt cotton (BollGard II) plants expressing pyramided Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab. TheT. nicolonies resistant toBacillus thuringiensisserovar kurstaki formulations were not only resistant to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac, as previously reported, but also had a high frequency of Cry2Ab-resistant alleles, exhibiting ca. 20% survival on BollGard II foliage. BollGard II-resistantT. nistrains were established by selection with BollGard II foliage to further remove Cry2Ab-sensitive alleles in theT. nipopulations. The BollGard II-resistant strains showed incomplete resistance to BollGard II, with adjusted survival values of 0.50 to 0.78 after 7 days. The resistance to the dual-toxin cotton plants was conferred by two genetically independent resistance mechanisms: one to Cry1Ac and one to Cry2Ab. The 50% lethal concentration of Cry2Ab for the resistant strain was at least 1,467-fold that for the susceptibleT. nistrain. The resistance to Cry2Ab in resistantT. niwas an autosomally inherited, incompletely recessive monogenic trait. Results from this study indicate that insect populations under selection by Bt sprays in agriculture can be resistant to multiple Bt toxins and may potentially confer resistance to multitoxin Bt crops.

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Differences of endogenous polyamines and putative genes associated with paraquat resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.)

10.1101/618074 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Qiyu Luo ◽

Jiping Wei ◽

Zhaoxia Dong ◽

Xuefeng Shen ◽

Yong Chen

Keyword(s):

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Transcript Level ◽

Vital Role ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Polyamine Metabolism ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Paraquat Resistance ◽

Polyamine Content ◽

High Level

AbstractBackgroundParaquat is one of the most effective herbicides used to control weeds in agricultural management, while the pernicious weed goosegrass (Eleusine indica) has evolved resistance to herbicides, including paraquat. Polyamines provide high-level paraquat resistance in many plants. In the present study, we selected three polyamines, namely, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, as putative genes to investigate their correlation with paraquat resistance by using paraquat-resistant (R) and paraquat-susceptible (S) goosegrass populations.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the putrescine nor spermine content between the R and S biotypes. However, 30 and 90 min after paraquat treatment, the spermidine concentration was 346.14-fold and 421.04-fold (P < 0.001) higher in the R biotype than in the S biotype, but the spermidine concentration was drastically reduced to a marginal level after 90 min. Since the transcript level of PqE was low while the spermidine concentration showed a transient increase, the PqE gene was likely involved in the synthesis of the paraquat resistance mechanism, regulation of polyamine content, and synthesis of spermidine and spermine. PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 encode transporter proteins involved in the regulation of paraquat concentration but showed different transcription patterns with synchronous changes in polyamine content.ConclusionEndogenous polyamines (especially spermidine) play a vital role in paraquat resistance in goosegrass. PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 were speculated on the relationship between polyamine metabolism and paraquat resistance. To validate the roles of PqE, PqTS1, PqTS2, and PqTS3 in polyamine transport systems, further research is needed.

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Paraquat resistance in a population of Lolium rigidum

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp03234 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 247 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Qin Yu ◽

Andrew Cairns ◽

Stephen B. Powles

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Western Cape ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

First Case ◽

Paraquat Resistance ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Two Populations

The first case of field-evolved paraquat resistance in a population of Lolium rigidum Gaud. (from the Western Cape, South Africa) was confirmed and the mechanism of resistance investigated. The LD50 for the resistant population (R) was 404 g ha–1, some 14 times greater than for the herbicide-susceptible (S) population (30 g ha–1). In addition, the R population was found to be more resistant to paraquat when kept at low temperature (15°C) than when kept at 30°C after paraquat treatment. The R population is normally affected by herbicides with other modes of action. No differences were found in the interaction of paraquat with Photosystem I in thylakoids isolated from the R and the S populations. Constitutive levels of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) did not differ significantly between the two populations and these enzymes responded similarly to paraquat treatment. When [14C] paraquat was applied as droplets to intact plant leaves, similar leaf uptake of [14C] paraquat occurred in the R and S populations. However, quantification data and phosphor imaging revealed restricted translocation of [14C] paraquat to untreated leaves in the R compared to S population. The results of this study with this resistant L. rigidum population from South Africa resemble those found in R biotypes of Hordeum spp. from Australia. The resistance is suggested to be primarily due to sequestration of paraquat, limiting its translocation within the plants. The exact site and mechanism of paraquat sequestration remains to be determined.

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Target Enzyme-Based Resistance to Clethodim inLolium rigidumPopulations in Australia

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-14-00176.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 946-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽

Jenna Malone ◽

Christopher Preston ◽

Gurjeet Gill

Keyword(s):

Effective Control ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Single Plant ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Rigid Ryegrass ◽

Moderately Resistant ◽

Two Populations ◽

Biomass Reduction

Clethodim resistance was identified in 12 rigid ryegrass populations from winter cropping regions in four different states of Australia. Clethodim had failed to provide effective control of these populations in the field and resistance was suspected. Dose–response experiments confirmed resistance to clethodim and butroxydim in all populations. During 2012, the LD50of resistant populations ranged from 10.2 to 89.3 g ha−1, making them 3 to 34–fold more resistant to clethodim than the susceptible population. Similarly, GR50of resistant population varied from 8 to 37.1 g ha−1, which is 3 to 13.9–fold higher than the susceptible population. In 2013, clethodim-resistant populations were 7.8 to 35.3–fold more resistant to clethodim than the susceptible population. The higher resistance factor in 2013, especially in moderately resistant populations, could have been associated with lower ambient temperatures during the winter of 2013. These resistant populations had also evolved cross-resistance to butroxydim. The resistant populations required 1.3 to 6.6–fold higher butroxydim dose to achieve 50% mortality and 3 to 27–fold more butroxydim for 50% biomass reduction compared to the standard susceptible population. Sequencing of the target-site ACCase gene identified five known ACCase substitutions (isoleucine-1781-leucine, isoleucine-2041-asparagine, aspartate-2078-glycine, and cysteine-2088-arginine, and glycine-2096-alanine) in these populations. In nine populations, multiple ACCase mutations were present in different individuals. Furthermore, two alleles with different mutations were present in a single plant of rigid ryegrass in two populations.

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The Resistant-Population Cutoff (RCOFF): a New Concept for Improved Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Non-Wild-Type Bacterial Populations

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.03505-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 1806-1811 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Giorgia Valsesia ◽

Michael Hombach ◽

Florian P. Maurer ◽

Patrice Courvalin ◽

Malgorzata Roos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Clinical Strain ◽

Wild Type ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Content Type ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

This study aimed to determine resistant-population cutoffs (RCOFFs) to allow for improved characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in bacterial populations. RCOFFs can complement epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF)-based settings of clinical breakpoints (CBPs) by systematically describing the correlation between non-wild-type and wild-type populations. We illustrate this concept by describing three paradigmatic examples of wild-type and non-wild-typeEscherichia colipopulations from our clinical strain database of disk diffusion diameters. The statistical determination of RCOFFs and ECOFFs and their standardized applications in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) facilitates the assignment of isolates to wild-type or non-wild-type populations. This should improve the correlation ofin vitroAST data and distinct antibiotic resistance mechanisms with clinical outcome facilitating the setting and validation of CBPs.

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Identification of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Biotypes Resistant to Preemergence-Applied Oxadiazon

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.41 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 675-681 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Scott McElroy ◽

William B. Head ◽

Glenn R. Wehtje ◽

David Spak

Keyword(s):

Seedling Emergence ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Ground Biomass ◽

Biomass Reduction ◽

Weed Resistance

Goosegrass biotypes from golf courses in Richmond, VA (CCV) and New Bern, NC (RB) historically treated with oxadiazon were identified as resistant compared to susceptible standard (PBU) based on comparisons of oxadiazon applied preemergence at increasing rates (0.03 to 2.24 kg ha-1). Oxadiazon at rates ≤ 2.24 kg ha-1rate did not prevent emergence of suspected resistant CCV and RB seedlings. PBU emergence was completely prevented at 0.14 kg ha-1. Based on percent seedling emergence relative to non-treated and percent above-ground biomass reduction relative to non-treated, the oxadiazon rate at which emergence would be reduced 50% (I50) or 90% (I90) ranged from 0.12 to 0.18 kg ha-1or 10.83 to 85.57 kg ha-1, respectively for suspected resistant CCV and RB, compared to 0.03 to 0.4 kg ha-1or 0.12 to 0.19 kg ha-1, respectively for susceptible standard PBU. Seedling emergence data predicted 7.9 and 3.0 times greater I90values for CCV and RB, respectively compared to biomass data. All three biotypes were completely controlled by preemergence applied labeled rates of prodiamine and indaziflam. This is the first peer-reviewed report of evolved weed resistance to oxadiazon.

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