Committee Decisions under Majority Rule Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sauermann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Empty Core

AbstractSpatial committee decision-making experiments provide ample evidence for the predictive power of the majority rule core if it is not empty. Furthermore, an empty core does not substantively reduce the stability of majority decision making. In this article, I put these two findings to a critical test using two preference configurations from Fiorina's and Plott's (1978) seminal committee experiments. In my experiment, committees with fixed individual preferences make multiple decisions over time. Contrary to the existing evidence, I find that results diverge from the core in the course of the experiment. In line with previous research, an empty core has no noticeable behavioral effects.

scholarly journals IDEAL COMBINATIONS OF GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND PARTY SYSTEM FOR STABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOVERNMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widayati Widayati ◽  
Winanto Winanto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Party System ◽  
The Core ◽  
System A ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Government Coalition

Indonesia since before independence until the time the core adopted a multi-party system. While the system of government changes, from a presidential, parliamentary, quasi presidential system. Multiparty presidential government systems can disrupt the stability and effectiveness of the government because there must be a coalition of political parties in the government, the preparation of the cabinet by the President must consider and accommodate the interests of coalition political parties, decision making or policy-making must also consider the interests of coalition political parties, so it will require longer time. The coalition of political parties is very fluid and pragmatic, so there may be a change in the coalition because there is a possibility that political parties that were outside the coalition will then enter the government coalition, and vice versa. Exit the entry of political parties in the government coalition will certainly be very disturbing, because political parties who have just joined the government will demand a seat in the government, especially in the cabinet. Unloading pairs of the cabinet or dismantling pairs of government seats will often occur. This of course greatly disrupts the stability and effectiveness of government. Therefore, a presidential government system ideally does not combine with a multi-party system. A change from a multi-party system to a simple multi-party system is needed, or if possible with a two-party system.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Approach to Recognition Memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Edward Cox ◽  
Rich Shiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Core ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Over Time

We present a dynamic model of memory that integrates the processes of perception, retrieval from knowledge, retrieval of events, and decision making as these evolve from one moment to the next. The core of the model is that recognition depends on tracking changes in familiarity over time from an initial baseline generally determined by context, with these changes depending on the availability of different kinds of information at different times. A mathematical implementation of this model leads to precise, accurate predictions of accuracy, response time, and speed-accuracy trade-off in episodic recognition at the levels of both groups and individuals across a variety of paradigms. Our approach leads to novel insights regarding word frequency, speeded responding, context reinstatement, short-term priming, similarity, source memory, and associative recognition, revealing how the same set of core dynamic principles can help unify otherwise disparate phenomena in the study of memory.

The Core Galilean Idea and Some Crucial Data

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-44
Author(s):  
Georges Rey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Computational System ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Stability

Traditional social conceptions of language, which focus on surface speech performance, are contrasted with Chomskyan “Galilean” conceptions, which seek to understand the underlying computational system that constitutes speakers’ linguistic competence. Only in conjunction with many other systems (e.g., decision making) is competence responsible for observed performance. Consequently, the concern of a Chomskyan theory is not with explaining the ordinary data of speech, but with crucial data that are revelatory of that system in a way that rival theories are not. Striking examples of such data are “WhyNots,” or strings of words that speakers find “unacceptable” but could nevertheless easily guess what they mean. I discuss half a dozen such cases, as well as other crucial data, e.g., the productivity, creativity, and apparent universality of grammar, its independence of general intelligence, and the stability and speed of its acquisition based upon impoverished stimuli, in what appears to be a critical period.

scholarly journals Uncertainty in cell fate decision making: Lessons from potential landscapes of bifurcation systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anissa Guillemin ◽  
Elisabeth Roesch ◽  
Michael P.H. Stumpf
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Cell Fate Decision ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Molecular Noise ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
Fate Decision ◽  
The Stability

AbstractCell fate decision making is known to be a complex process and is still far from being understood. The intrinsic complexity, but also features such as molecular noise represent challenges for modelling these systems. Waddington’s epigenetic landscape has become the overriding metaphor for developmental processes: it both serves as pictorial representation, and can be related to mathematical models. In this work we investigate how the landscape is affected by noise in the underlying system. Specifically, we focus on those systems where minor changes in the parameters cause major changes in the stability properties of the system, especially bifurcations. We analyse and quantify the changes in the landscape’s shape as the effects of noise increase. We find ample evidence for intricate interplay between noise and dynamics which can lead to qualitative change in a system’s dynamics and hence the corresponding landscape. In particular, we find that the effects can be most pronounced in the vicinity of the bifurcation point of the underlying deterministic dynamical systems, which would correspond to the cell fate decision event in cellular differentiation processes.

scholarly journals Electrosprayed Ethyl Cellulose Core-Shell Microcapsules for the Encapsulation of Probiotics

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Jorge Sevilla Moreno ◽  
Panagiota Dima ◽  
Ioannis S. Chronakis ◽  
Ana C. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
Bifidobacterium Animalis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Electrosprayed ethyl cellulose core–shell microcapsules were produced for the encapsulation of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bifido). Ethyl cellulose (ETC) was used as a shell material with different core compounds (concentrated Bifido, Bifido–maltodextrin and Bifido–glycerol). The core–shell microcapsules have an average diameter between 3 µm and 15 µm depending on the core compounds, with a distinct interface that separates the core and the shell structure. The ETC microcapsules displayed relatively low water activity (aw below 0.20) and relatively high values of viable cells (109–1011 CFU/g), as counted post-encapsulation. The effect of different core compounds on the stability of probiotics cells over time was also investigated. After four weeks at 30 °C and 40% RH the electrospray encapsulated samples containing Bifido–glycerol in the core showed a loss in viable cells of no more than 3 log loss CFU/g, while the non-encapsulated Bifido lost about 7.57 log CFU/g. Overall, these results suggest that the viability of the Bifido probiotics encapsulated within the core–shell ETC electrosprayed capsules can be extended, despite the fact that the shell matrix was prepared using solvents that typically substantially reduce their viability.

Abstract 324: Medical Decision-Making: Preferences and Practices in the Year following Acute Myocardial Infarction

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S Spatz ◽  
Daniel D Matlock ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
John A Spertus ◽  
Harlan M Krumholz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Preferences ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Baseline Preference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Background: Patients vary in their desire to participate in medical decision-making (MDM), with some preferring passive roles and others preferring shared or autonomous roles. Yet little is known about the stability of patient preferences over time and whether patient preferences are aligned with how they actually experience the MDM process. We sought to determine the stability of MDM preferences for patients hospitalized with an AMI and assess whether there is concordance between the patient’s preference and their experience with care. Methods: In TRIUMPH, a 24-center, prospective US study of AMI patients, MDM preferences were assessed both at the time of hospitalization and one year later (n=2071). MDM preferences were assessed by the question, “Given the information about the risks and benefits of the treatment options, who should decide which treatment option should be selected? We categorized responses from a 5-item Likert scale into: passive (“doctor alone/mostly the doctor”), or shared/active (“doctor and you equally/mostly you or you alone”) and compared responses between baseline and 12-months following AMI. We assessed concordance between baseline MDM preferences with the patients’ perceived level of participation in MDM at 1 month with the question, “Who was responsible for making health decisions regarding the current treatment of your heart condition?” using the same 5-item Likert scale and categorization. Results: Over 2/3 of patients preferred shared/active MDM both at the time of their AMI (1446, 69.8%) and 1 year later (1411, 68.1%). However, individual preferences varied over time. Among patients with a baseline preference for shared/active MDM, 374 (25.9%) preferred passive participation 1 year later. Among patients preferring passive participation at the time of their AMI, 339 (54.2%) preferred a shared/active participatory role 1 year later. Comparing desired and perceived roles in MDM, only 54.5% of patients reported, at 1 month, an MDM process that was concordant with their baseline preferences. Among patients with a baseline preference for shared/active MDM, 48.3% reported experiencing a passive role in MDM 1 month following AMI. Among patients preferring a passive role at baseline, 39.3% reported experiencing a shared/active MDM process. Conclusion: Individual preferences for participation in MDM during and after AMI vary, with the majority preferring a shared/active role. These preferences change over time, highlighting the need for continual assessment. In the month following an AMI, half of patients experienced an MDM process that was not consistent with their stated preferences.

scholarly journals Can investors’ collective decision-making evolve? Evidence from Peer-to-Peer lending markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Funding Decision ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Peer Lending ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study tries to identify the accuracy of individual investors' capability to predict a borrower’s creditworthiness in peer-to-peer lending markets and examine whether their ability is likely to evolve over time. The results of this study show that there is no significant difference between the predictive power of investors' ex-ante funding decision model and that of the ex-post repayment model over a borrower’s repayment performance. Furthermore, the predictive power of investors' ex-ante funding decision over a borrower’s repayment performance is shown to improve over time . It is also found that the main reason why investors’ predictive power improve over time is because investors can assess more accurately the information provided by the platform operator and describe the borrower's characteristics. The results of this study are important as they confirm the possibility of optimizing and streamlining the P2P lending market, through the evolution of investors’ decision making.

Does Purpose Matter? The Stability of Personality Assessments in Organization Development and Talent Management Applications Over Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Church ◽  
Christina R. Fleck ◽  
Garett C. Foster ◽  
Rebecca C. Levine ◽  
Felix J. Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Succession Planning ◽  
Organization Development ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Personality assessment has a long history of application in the workplace. While the field of organization development has historically focused on developmental aspects of personality tools, other disciplines such as industrial-organizational psychology have emphasized its psychometric properties. The importance of data-driven insights for talent management (e.g., the identification of high potentials, succession planning, coaching), however, is placing increasing pressure on all types of applied behavioral scientists to better understand the stability of personality tools for decision-making purposes. The current study presents research conducted with 207 senior leaders in a global consumer products organization on the use of personality assessment data over time and across two different conditions: development only and development to decision making. Results using three different tools (based on the Hogan Assessment Suite) indicate that core personality and personality derailers are generally not affected by the purpose of the assessment, though derailers do tend to moderate over time. The manifestation of values, motives, and preferences were found to change across administrations. Implications for organizational development and talent management applications are discussed.

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