Triacylglycerol Analysis in Human Milk and Other Mammalian Species: Small-Scale Sample Preparation, Characterization, and Statistical Classification Using HPLC-ELSD Profiles

Background: Estimation of macronutrients like protein and lactose is important to assess the quality of milk. To estimate these two macronutrients, ten raw milk samples obtained from each group of different animals (cow, goat, buffalo), ten pasteurized cow milk and ten human milk samples were analysed. Methods: Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method was used to estimate protein from different milk samples. Four different sample preparation protocols were compared to check the effect of fat on BCA based protein estimation: dilution (D), fat removal-protein precipitation (FR and PP), fat removal-dilution (FR and D) and dilution-fat removal (D and FR). For lactose quantification, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (UHPLC-MS/SRM) method was developed and validated using 13C6 lactose as internal standard (ISTD).Result: Among these four different protocols, D and FR method showed consistent data for total protein content in animal milk (cow-3.16%, goat-3.21%, buffalo-3.81%, pasteurized-2.98%) and FR and PP showed consistent data in human milk samples (1.2%). Though BCA method is simple to use, proper sample preparation protocol has to be applied prior to protein estimation to avoid the interference due to fat or lactose. In case of lactose, inter-day validation showed the accuracy ranging from 97.13 to 100.54%, coefficient of variation varying between 0.1 to 1.53%, correlation R2=0.999. Lactose is in the range of 4.1 to 4.8% in animal milk and 6.6% in human milk samples. The internal ratio of lactose/protein (1.28 to 1.55 in animal milk and 5.33 in human milk) will be useful to differentiate human milk from animal milk type and to assess the milk quality.

Download Full-text

Vitamins in Human and Donkey Milk: Functional and Nutritional Role

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1509

Author(s):

Silvia Vincenzetti ◽

Giuseppe Santini ◽

Valeria Polzonetti ◽

Stefania Pucciarelli ◽

Yulia Klimanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

The Elderly ◽

Health Impact ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Donkey Milk ◽

Positive Health ◽

Vitamin Status ◽

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Background: Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit regular the growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows’ milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. Milk vitamin content is highly variable among mammalian species and it is strictly correlated with the vitamin status and the diet administered to the mother. Fat-soluble vitamins content in donkey milk is, on average, lower compared to ruminants’ milk, while vitamin C content determined in donkey milk is higher compared to dairy cows’ milk, showing a great similarity with human milk. In donkey milk, the content of vitamins of the B-complex such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid is higher compared to human milk. The use of donkey milk as a new functional food must be further evaluated in interdisciplinary clinical trials in which pediatricians, dietitians, and food scientists must be involved to deepen the knowledge about the positive health impact of donkey milk in different sensitive people, especially children and the elderly.

Download Full-text

A small-scale sample preparation method with HPLC analysis for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis ◽

10.1016/j.jfca.2003.09.014 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 749-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

M. Ryynänen ◽

A.-M. Lampi ◽

P. Salo-Väänänen ◽

V. Ollilainen ◽

V. Piironen

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Hplc Analysis ◽

Preparation Method ◽

Small Scale ◽

Sample Preparation Method

Download Full-text

Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Gemma Ginovart ◽

Javier Calvo ◽

Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽

Antoni Gaya

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

First Year ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

Download Full-text

Dependency of the optical scattering properties of human milk on casein content and common sample preparation methods

Journal of Biomedical Optics ◽

10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.045001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (04) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Colin Veenstra ◽

Dayna E. Every ◽

Wilma Petersen ◽

Johannes B. van Goudoever ◽

Wiendelt Steenbergen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Human Milk ◽

Optical Scattering ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Sample Preparation Methods

Download Full-text

Electrophoretic separation and quantitation of cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms in eight mammalian species

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.3.h1048 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 274 (3) ◽

pp. H1048-H1053 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Peter J. Reiser ◽

William O. Kline

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Myosin Heavy Chain ◽

Heavy Chain ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Cardiac Myosin ◽

Homogenization Step

A protocol for sample preparation and gel electrophoresis is described that reliably results in the separation of the α- and β-isoforms of cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC-α and MHC-β) in eight mammalian species. The protocol is based on a simple, nongradient denaturing gel. The magnitude of separation of MHC-α and MHC-β achieved with this protocol is sufficient for quantitative determination of the relative amounts of these two isoforms in mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, canine, pig, baboon, and human myocardial samples. The sensitivity of the protocol is sufficient for the detection of MHC isoforms in samples at least as small as 1 μg. The glycerol concentration in the separating gel is an important factor for successfully separating MHC-α and MHC-β in myocardial samples from different species. The effect of sample load on MHC-α and MHC-β band resolution is illustrated. The results also indicate that inclusion of a homogenization step during sample preparation increases the amount of MHC detected on the gel for cardiac samples to a much greater extent than for skeletal muscle samples. Although the protocol described in this study is excellent for analyzing cardiac samples, it should be noted that the same protocol is not optimal for separating MHC isoforms expressed in skeletal muscle, as is illustrated.

Download Full-text

Osmolality analysis of human milk and an infant formula with modified viscosity for use in infants with dysphagia

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-021620182064218 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 770-777

Author(s):

Mariangela Bartha de Mattos Almeida ◽

Saint Clair Gomes Júnior ◽

Jonas Borges da Silva ◽

Danielle Aparecida da Silva ◽

Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽

Time Points ◽

Thickening Agent ◽

Time Zero ◽

Over Time

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the effects of a thickening agent on the osmolality of human milk and on an infant formula, with respect to concentration and time. Methods: six trials were performed to evaluate the osmolality of a natural and thickened infant formula, raw human milk, and pasteurized human milk. Rice cereal was used as a thickening agent (at concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). Osmolality was measured using the Advanced Micro Osmometer Model 3300 after sample preparation periods of 0-60 minutes. Statistical evaluations were performed using ANOVA. Results: pasteurized human milk exhibited time- and concentration-dependent variation in osmolality. The osmolality of raw human milk differed among time points and between the samples with 5% and 7%, when compared to the non-thickened milk. The infant formula did not show differences in osmolality with respect to time. At time zero, there were differences in osmolality between the infant formula samples with 2%, 3%, and 5% thickener. At other time points, there were differences in osmolality between the sample with a 5% thickener and the non-thickened formula. Conclusion: the osmolality of diets varied over time and according to the concentration of thickener in human milk and the infant formula. However, the observed variation remained within the recommended parameters, indicating that rice cereal is a safe thickener for the feeding of infants presented with mild or moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Download Full-text

Earliest Utilization of Chicken in Upper California: The Zooarchaeology of Avian Remains from the San Diego Royal Presidio

American Antiquity ◽

10.1017/aaq.2020.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 516-534

Author(s):

Aharon Sasson ◽

Susan Arter

Keyword(s):

San Diego ◽

Egg Production ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Body Part ◽

Historical Record ◽

Small Scale ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Medullary Bone ◽

Standard Size ◽

Wide Range

The San Diego Presidio, established in AD 1769, was the first European settlement in Upper California. Very little is known about chicken husbandry in colonial America, which makes this study the first comprehensive analysis of chicken remains in North America. Chickens are scarcely mentioned in historical accounts describing early California, and information on their sex, age, or management is rare. The faunal assemblage from the San Diego Presidio yielded 20 avian and 14 mammalian species. Chicken remains were studied through a wide range of zooarchaeological methods, including taphonomy, biometry, medullary bone, epiphyseal fusion, butchering, and body-part representation. Taphonomic analysis indicates good preservation of the bone assemblage. The biometric study points to two breeds of chickens: a smaller (bantam) breed alongside a standard-size chicken. The percentage of juvenile chickens (23%), the rooster/hen ratio (1:8.5), and high proportion of medullary bone point to on-site chicken husbandry focusing on meat and egg production. The historical record suggests that California presidios were not self-sufficient and that they relied on food provisioned from Mexico and nearby missions. We argue that small-scale poultry production, likely managed by women and children, provided California presidios with a form of subsistence independence.

Download Full-text