scholarly journals RBS and Promoter Strengths Determine the Cell-Growth-Dependent Protein Mass Fractions and Their Optimal Synthesis Rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando N. Santos-Navarro ◽  
Alejandro Vignoni ◽  
Yadira Boada ◽  
Jesús Picó
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Optimal Synthesis ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Dependent Protein

PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF COWS: INFLUENCE OF METABOLITES OF METABOLISM ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Е.О. КРУПИН ◽  
Ш.К. ШАКИРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Optimal Values

Дана оценка причин выбраковки дойных коров из стад, определена продолжительность их жизни, установлены соотношения МДЖ и МДБ в молоке коров и на основании этого выявлены взаимосвязи с содержанием кетоновых тел в молоке и некоторыми показателями воспроизводства. Наиболее часто животные выбывают из стада в связи с гинекологическими заболеваниями — 45,9%, за первые 100 дней лактации — 42,05%. Продолжительность жизни коров, выбракованных вследствие инфекционных и инвазионных болезней, является минимальной и составляет 4 года, у коров, выбывших по причине внутренних незаразных и хирургических болезней, на 15 и 20% больше. При соотношении массовых долей жира и белка (СЖБ) 1,10 и менее содержание бета-гидроксимасляной кислоты (БОМК) в молоке достоверно (на 80%, P<0,01) превышает данный показатель у животных с оптимальными значениями СЖБ. У коров с оптимальным СЖБ уровень ацетона в молоке был выше порогового на 28,57%, а у животных с низкими значениями СЖБ достоверное превышение составило 42,85% (P<0,05). Особи с СЖБ ниже оптимальных значений в первые 100 дней характеризовались более длительным периодом лактации в целом на 8,57%, в то время как у животных с оптимальным СЖБ ее продолжительность приближалась к стандартной и составила 308,13 дня (P<0,001), межотельный период был на 5,39% менее продолжительным (P<0,001). При оптимальных значениях СЖБ длительность сервис-периода равнялась 112,91 дня, что на 14,73% короче (P<0,001) продолжительности сервис-периода у животных с низкими значениями СЖБ. The analysis of the reasons for leaving dairy cows from the herd was carried out. The life expectancy of cows has been determined. The ratios of fat to protein mass fractions in cow's milk have been established. The relationship between the content of ketone bodies in milk and reproductive indicators in animals was revealed. Most often, animals leave the herd due to gynecological diseases (45.9%), and in the first 100 days of lactation (42.05%). The life expectancy of cows culled due to infectious and invasive diseases is minimal and amounts to 4 years. For cows abandoned due to internal non-communicable and surgical diseases, life expectancy was 15 and 20% longer. When the ratio of mass fractions of fat to protein was 1.10 or less, the content of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in milk significantly (by 80%, P<0.01) exceeded this indicator in animals with optimal values of the ratio of fat to protein. In cows with an optimal fat to protein ratio, the acetone level in milk was 28.57% above normal. In animals with a low value of the ratio of fat to protein, the significant excess was 42.85% (P<0.05). Animals with a ratio of fat to protein below the optimal value were characterized by a longer lactation period in general by 8.57%. In animals with an optimal fat-to-protein ratio, the duration of lactation approached the standard one and was 308.13 days (P<0.001), and the interbody period was 5.39% shorter (P<0.001). With optimal values of the fat-to-protein ratio, the duration of the service period was 112.91 days, which is 14.73% shorter (P<0.001) than the duration of the service period in animals with low values of the fat-to-protein ratio.

scholarly journals Analysis of BHK cell growth kinetics after microinjection of catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K McClung ◽  
R F Kletzien
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
S Phase ◽  
G1 Phase ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Bhk Cells ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Cell Growth Kinetics

The effect of catalytic subunit (C) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on cell growth kinetics of BHK cells was assessed by microinjection with chicken erythrocyte ghosts as vehicles for introduction of the protein into the cytosol of large populations of cells. The advantage in using chicken erythrocytes for microinjection is that the inactive erythrocyte nuclei serve as a probe for identifying and analyzing microinjection events. By utilizing this procedure, BHK cells were microinjected with an amount of C that was 5- to 10-fold greater than their endogenous levels. Growth kinetics were analyzed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. Cells were stained after autoradiography to more clearly reveal the chicken nuclei, and at each time point, cells were categorized into four groups: (i) not microinjected, not in S phase, (ii) not microinjected, in S phase, (iii) microinjected, not in S phase, (iv) microinjected, in S phase. Those cells not microinjected served as internal controls. Two experimental protocols were used to test the notion that C is involved in blocking cell progression through G1 phase of the cell cycle. First, cells were arrested in G0 phase by serum deprivation, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum or purified growth factors. Second, cells were collected in mitosis, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum. The results of these studies indicate that a 5- to 10-fold increase in the intracellular concentration of C is not a sufficient signal to arrest cell growth in G1 phase. Thus, growth-inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP on BHK cells are unlikely to be the result of activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Analysis of BHK cell growth kinetics after microinjection of catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1085
Author(s):  
J K McClung ◽  
R F Kletzien
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
S Phase ◽  
G1 Phase ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Bhk Cells ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Cell Growth Kinetics

The effect of catalytic subunit (C) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on cell growth kinetics of BHK cells was assessed by microinjection with chicken erythrocyte ghosts as vehicles for introduction of the protein into the cytosol of large populations of cells. The advantage in using chicken erythrocytes for microinjection is that the inactive erythrocyte nuclei serve as a probe for identifying and analyzing microinjection events. By utilizing this procedure, BHK cells were microinjected with an amount of C that was 5- to 10-fold greater than their endogenous levels. Growth kinetics were analyzed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. Cells were stained after autoradiography to more clearly reveal the chicken nuclei, and at each time point, cells were categorized into four groups: (i) not microinjected, not in S phase, (ii) not microinjected, in S phase, (iii) microinjected, not in S phase, (iv) microinjected, in S phase. Those cells not microinjected served as internal controls. Two experimental protocols were used to test the notion that C is involved in blocking cell progression through G1 phase of the cell cycle. First, cells were arrested in G0 phase by serum deprivation, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum or purified growth factors. Second, cells were collected in mitosis, microinjected with C or control proteins, and stimulated to proceed to S phase by the addition of serum. The results of these studies indicate that a 5- to 10-fold increase in the intracellular concentration of C is not a sufficient signal to arrest cell growth in G1 phase. Thus, growth-inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP on BHK cells are unlikely to be the result of activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

scholarly journals The cAMP effector PKA mediates Moody GPCR signaling inDrosophilablood-brain barrier formation and maturation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Richard Fetter ◽  
Tina Schwabe ◽  
Christophe Jung ◽  
Hermann Steller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Barrier Formation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Tissue Size ◽  
Pka Pathway ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

AbstractThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) ofDrosophilais comprised of a thin epithelial layer of subperineural glia (SPG), which ensheath the nerve cord and insulate it against the potassium-rich hemolymph by forming intercellular septate junctions (SJs). Previously, we identified a novel Gi/Go protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Moody, as a key factor in BBB formation at the embryonic stage. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Moody signaling in BBB formation and maturation remain unclear. Here, we identify cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) as a crucial antagonistic Moody effector that is required for the formation, as well as for the continued SPG growth and BBB maintenance in the larva and adult stage. We show that PKA is enriched at the basal side of the SPG cell and that this polarized Moody/PKA pathway finely tunes the enormous cell growth and BBB integrity, by precisely regulating the actomyosin contractility, vesicle trafficking, and the proper SJ organization in a highly coordinated spatiotemporal manner. These effects are mediated in part by PKA’s molecular targets MLCK and Rho1. Moreover, 3D reconstruction of SJ ultrastructure demonstrates that the continuity of individual SJ segments and not their total length is crucial for generating a proper paracellular seal. Based on these findings, we propose a model that polarized Moody/PKA signaling plays a central role in controlling the cell growth and maintaining BBB integrity during the continuous morphogenesis of the SPG secondary epithelium, which is critical for maintain tissue size and brain homeostasis during organogenesis.

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