Composition-Explicit Distillation Curves of Aviation Fuel JP-8 and a Coal-Based Jet Fuel

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2853-2862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly L. Smith ◽  
Thomas J. Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel

scholarly journals Hinterlands of Budget Air Travel. Investigating the Journey of Aviation Fuel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tunca Beril Basaran ◽  
◽  
Christina Krampokouki ◽  
Simon Warne ◽  
Rosa Catalina Pintos Hanhausen
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Production Network ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Tanker Truck ◽  
Shrinking City ◽  
City Form

This paper investigates the oil infrastructures, as intersections of trans-territorial networks systems of power and their exchange with local practices: the journey of Jet A1 aviation fuel that facilitates thebudget air traveling in Berlin's airports, from crude oil extraction in Russia, distillation in Schwedt -Eastern Germany, to refueling off the aircraft by tanker truck sits source to its point of use. A case study focuses on the urbanism dynamics of Schwedt as an attempt to trace part of the planetary urbanism corresponding to Berlin's growing tourist industry's use of jet fuel. The first part of the research centers on oil landscapes' networks -the industrial footprint of oil: its transformation, storage, and transportation. Further provides a depiction of 'what constitutes aviation fuel and its production network' to view the actors involved in the process, the links between them, and the spatial implications. The second part addresses how aviation fuel has impacted Berlin and Brandenburg's hinterland: primarily, Schwedt, a shrinking city despite Berlin's recent boom, where the size of the traditional urban "city" form is diminutive in scale compared to the adjacent PCK oil refinery's "non-city" form of urbanization. The study's findings present new ways of interpreting and mapping the metabolic vehicles of planetary urbanization in both architectural and urban scales.

scholarly journals Comparing Alternative Jet Fuel Dependencies Between Combustors of Different Size and Mixing Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall C. Boehm ◽  
Jennifer G. Colborn ◽  
Joshua S. Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Feature Importance ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Alternative Jet Fuel ◽  
Comparable Size

Analyses used to reveal fuel dependencies on lean blow out and ignition at specific operating conditions in specific combustors show inconsistent trends with each other. Such variety is however consistent with the occurrence of transitions between the governing physical phenomena as the ratios between evaporation, mixing, or chemical time scales with their respective residence times also vary with specific operating conditions and combustor geometry. It is demonstrated here that the fuel dependencies on LBO in a large, single-cup, swirl-stabilized, rich-quench-lean combustor varies with operating conditions such that a feature importance match is attained to fuel dependencies observed in a much smaller combustor at one end of the tested range, while a qualitative match to fuel dependencies observed in a lean, premixed, swirler-stabilized combustor of comparable size at the other end of the tested range. The same reference combustor, when tested at cold conditions, is shown to exhibit similar fuel dependencies on ignition performance as the much smaller combustor, when tested at both cold and warm conditions. The practical significance of these findings is that a reference rig, such as the Referee Rig, can capture fuel performance trends of proprietary industry combustors by tailoring the inlet air and fuel temperatures of the tests. It is, therefore, a trustworthy surrogate for screening and evaluating sustainable aviation fuel candidates, reducing the dependency on proprietary industrial combustors for this purpose, thereby increasing transparency within the evaluation process while also expediting the process and reducing cost and fuel volume.

Exhaust toxicity evaluation in a gas turbine engine fueled by aviation fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Gawron ◽  
Tomasz Białecki ◽  
Anna Janicka ◽  
Maciej Zawiślak ◽  
Aleksander Górniak
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Process ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
The Real ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Cell Method

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the toxicological impacts of exhaust generated during the combustion process of aviation fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons. Design/methodology/approach Tests on aircraft turbine engines in full scale are complex and expensive. Therefore, a miniature turbojet engine was used in this paper as a source of exhaust gases. Toxicity was tested using innovative BAT–CELL Bio–Ambient Cell method, which consists of determination of real toxic impact of the exhaust gases on the human lung A549 and mouse L929 cells. The research was of a comparative nature. The engine was powered by a conventional jet fuel and a blend of conventional jet fuel with synthesized hydrocarbons. Findings The results show that the BAT–CELL method allows determination of the real exhaust toxicity during the combustion process in a turbine engine. The addition of a synthetic component to conventional jet fuel affected the reduction of toxicity of exhaust gases. It was confirmed for both tested cell lines. Originality/value In the literature related to the area of aviation, numerous publications in the field of testing the emission of exhaust gaseous components, particulates or volatile organic compounds can be found. However, there is a lack of research related to the evaluation of the real exhaust toxicity. In addition, it appears that the data given in aviation sector, mainly related to the emission levels of gaseous exhaust components (CO, Nox and HC) and particulate matters, might be insufficient. To fully describe the engine exhaust emissions, they should be supplemented with additional tests, i.e. in terms of toxicity.

scholarly journals Effect of NiMo/Zeolite Catalyst Preparation Method for Bio Jet Fuel Synthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02024
Author(s):  
Thareq Kemal Habibie ◽  
Bambang Heru Susanto ◽  
Michaelle Flavin Carli
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Rapid Heating ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Green Diesel ◽  
Cracking Process

Bio jet fuel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oil substitutes for conventional aviation fuel. Bio jet fuel can be synthesize through hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking process pathways that influence by the catalyst. The success rates of bio jet synthesis with catalysts influence by the characteristic and activity of the catalysts. One factor that influence the catalyst characteristic and activity is the preparation method. This study focuses on the preparation method of a catalyst by comparing the conventional method of impregnation and the latest microwave polyol method. The impregnation method utilizes stirring up to 24 hours while microwave polyol utilizes a microwave for rapid heating which serves to expand the active core, but the catalyst is not yet known its character and its activity in bio jet fuel synthesis process. In this study, NiMo/Zeolite was synthesized by impregnation method had 232.18 m2/gram surface area and had average crystal size of 49.35 nm. Further, the catalyst was used to synthesized bio jet fuel through a catalytic cracking process, with green diesel from the hydrodeoxygenation process of oleic acid conversion as feed. The result, obtained high enough of conversion by 84.30%, but low yield and selectivity of bio-jet fuel range by 34.77% and 36.43% respectively.

scholarly journals Orthogonal Reference Surrogate Fuels for Operability Testing

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
Zhibin Yang ◽  
Robert Stachler ◽  
Joshua S. Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Lean Blowout ◽  
Surrogate Fuels ◽  
Fuel Effects

The approval and evaluation process for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) via ASTM D4054 is both cost- and volume-intensive, namely due to engine operability testing under severe conditions. Engine operability tests of combustor under figures of merit (FOM) limit phenomena are the fuel effects on lean blowout, high-altitude relight, and cold-start ignition. One method to increase confidence and reduce volume in tiered testing is to use surrogate fuels for manipulation of properties. Key fuel performance properties (surface tension, viscosity, density) for cold-start ignition was determined prior to this study. Prior work regarding this FOM has not considered the combination of these properties. A surface tension blending rule was validated and incorporated into the jet fuel blend optimizer (JudO). A generalized surrogate calculator for N-dimensional surrogate components and features was developed. Jet fuel surrogates developed in this study were a mixture of conventional and sustainable aviation fuels instead of pure components. These surrogates suggested to be tested in this study could illuminate near worst-case effects for sustainable aviation fuel in a given configuration/rig. With those scenarios tested, we can further understand the influence on the key properties relative to cold-start ignition. This work and supporting experimental evidence could potentially lower the barrier for SAF approval processes.

scholarly journals Bio-aviation fuel via catalytic hydrocracking of waste cooking oils

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. El-Araby ◽  
E. Abdelkader ◽  
G. El Diwani ◽  
S. I. Hawash
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Cooking Oil

Abstract Background Biomass fuels (bio-jet fuel) have recently attracted considerable attention as alternatives to conventional jet fuel. They have become the focus of aircraft manufacturers, engines, oil companies, governments and researchers alike. This study is concerned with the production of biojet fuel using waste cooking oil (WCO). Batch reactor is used for running the experimental study. The catalytic cracking products are investigated by GC mass spectra. Final products from different reaction conditions are subjected to fractional distillation. The (Bio kerosene) fraction was compared with the conventional jet A-1 and showed that it met the basic jet fuel specifications. Optimum reaction conditions are obtained at (450 °C), pressure of (120 bars), catalyst dose (2.5% w/v), reaction time (60 min) and hydrogen pressure 4 atmosphere. The aim of this study is to produce bio aviation fuel according to specifications and with a low freezing point from waste cooking oil in one step using a laboratory prepared catalyst and with a low percentage of hydrogen to complete the process of cracking and deoxygenation in one reactor, which is naturally reflected positively on the price of the final product of bio aviation fuel. Results The results indicated that the product obtained from WCO shows promising potential bio aviation fuels, having a low freezing point (− 55 °C) and that all bio kerosene’s specifications obtained at these conditions follow the international standard specifications of aviation turbine fuel. Conclusion Biojet fuel obtained from WCO has fairly acceptable physico-chemical properties compared to those of petroleum-based fuel. Adjustment of the hydro catalytic cracking reaction conditions was used to control quantities and characteristics of produced bio aviation fuel. Taking into consideration the economic evaluation WCO is preferable as raw material for bio aviation fuel production due to its low cost and its contribution in environmental pollution abatement. Blend of 5% bio aviation with jet A-1 (by volume) can be used in the engine without any modifications and a successful test of blended aviation fuel with 10% bio aviation has been achieved on Jet-Cat 80/120 engine.

scholarly journals Conversion of poplar biomass into high-energy density tricyclic sesquiterpene jet fuel blendstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Geiselman ◽  
James Kirby ◽  
Alexander Landera ◽  
Peter Otoupal ◽  
Gabriella Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels

Abstract Background In an effort to ensure future energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create domestic jobs, the US has invested in technologies to develop sustainable biofuels and bioproducts from renewable carbon sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Bio-derived jet fuel is of particular interest as aviation is less amenable to electrification compared to other modes of transportation and synthetic biology provides the ability to tailor fuel properties to enhance performance. Specific energy and energy density are important properties in determining the attractiveness of potential bio-derived jet fuels. For example, increased energy content can give the industry options such as longer range, higher load or reduced takeoff weight. Energy-dense sesquiterpenes have been identified as potential next-generation jet fuels that can be renewably produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Results We developed a biomass deconstruction and conversion process that enabled the production of two tricyclic sesquiterpenes, epi-isozizaene and prespatane, from the woody biomass poplar using the versatile basidiomycete Rhodosporidium toruloides. We demonstrated terpene production at both bench and bioreactor scales, with prespatane titers reaching 1173.6 mg/L when grown in poplar hydrolysate in a 2 L bioreactor. Additionally, we examined the theoretical fuel properties of prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states as blending options for jet fuel, and compared them to aviation fuel, Jet A. Conclusion Our findings indicate that prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states would be attractive blending options in Jet A or other lower density renewable jet fuels as they would improve viscosity and increase their energy density. Saturated epi-isozizaene and saturated prespatane have energy densities that are 16.6 and 18.8% higher than Jet A, respectively. These results highlight the potential of R. toruloides as a production host for the sustainable and scalable production of bio-derived jet fuel blends, and this is the first report of prespatane as an alternative jet fuel.

State-Of-The-Art Real-Time Jet Fuel Quality Measurement

2011 ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Jed B. Stevens ◽  
Greg Sprenger ◽  
Miles Austin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Advanced User ◽  
Electronic Measurement ◽  
New Type ◽  
Quality Specifications

This chapter discusses the historical approaches to monitoring aviation fuel quality, and the current industry movement towards continuous monitoring electronic measurement systems. The application of mature technology from other industries is reviewed and found to be inadequate. A new type of sensing system designed specifically for the needs of aviation fuel quality is introduced, showing advanced user features and proven to be far more accurate than any other method current available. This article also discusses a typical problem in real world applications where a combination of contaminant is encountered, and how only the new type of sensing system can properly measure the contamination to aviation fuel quality specifications.

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