Human Breast Milk Contamination in the United States and Canada by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants: Current Status

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticide ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
The Past

Widespread contamination of human breast milk with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been repeatedly documented in population surveys in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. Unfortunately, it was not until the most recently published assessments that a strong effort has been made to apply proper biostatistical sampling methodologies to such surveys. This deficiency, along with frequent omission of information on variables known to affect the levels of such contaminants in breast milk, makes precise historical comparisons difficult. Given these uncertainties, it appears that organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk have not noticeably changed over the past two decades in the United States despite the regulatory restriction placed on several of these substances, such as DDT, since 1970. The surveys have revealed that total DDT levels continue to approach and exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) level recommended by WHO. Perhaps of greatest concern is the ubiquitous contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of breast milk, with levels of the upper 30% of the population being within a factor of 10 of those levels producing adverse health effects in humans and monkeys. The carcinogenic risk assessment for consumption of PCB-contaminated breast milk is also discussed.

Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Several Asian Countries, and in Infant Formula and Dairy Milk from the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 8597-8602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Tatsuya Kunisue ◽  
E. Laurence Libelo ◽  
Shinsuke Tanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perfluorinated Compounds ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Dairy Milk

Perfluorinated carboxylic acids in human breast milk from Spain and estimation of infant's daily intake

2016 ◽  
Vol 544 ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Motas Guzmàn ◽  
Chiara Clementini ◽  
Maria Dolores Pérez-Cárceles ◽  
Sandra Jiménez Rejón ◽  
Aurora Cascone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids

Higher Absorption of Vitamin C from Food than from Supplements by Breastfeeding Mothers at Early Stages of Lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska ◽  
Maciej Zagierski ◽  
Ewa Woś-Wasilewska ◽  
Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Lactation Stage

Abstract.The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin C supply in the diet of lactating women on vitamin C concentrations in human milk (n = 97) sampled at different stages of lactation. Vitamin C levels were measured by liquid chromatography. Dietary intake of vitamin C was determined based on 3-day food dairies kept by breastfeeding mothers. Maternal dietary intakes of vitamin C from natural sources on lactation day 90 (n = 18) were significantly higher than on lactation days 15 (n = 42) and 30 (n = 37). The number of women taking vitamin C supplements decreased in successive stages of lactation. The average daily intake of vitamin C was estimated at 119 mg, but nearly 20% of mothers consumed less than 50 mg of vitamin C per day. No significant correlations were observed between lactation stage and vitamin C levels in breast milk (r = 0.110, p = 0.064). The average vitamin C concentrations in human breast milk were determined at 50.9 mg / L, and were not higher than 80.6 mg / L regardless of lactation stage and maternal intake of vitamin C. Vitamin C excretion into breast milk is regulated to prevent exceeding saturation level. The vitamin C concentration in milk was positive correlated with maternal intake of vitamin C from food, in the case of non-supplemented diet (r = 0.402, p = 0.041). Our results suggest that vitamin C occurring in food is much better absorbed and passes into breast milk than vitamin C from supplements.

PCBs in Breast Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-407
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
State Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
History Of

Publicity has raised concern about the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk. There are no known effects in children at levels found in people in the United States. In Kyushu, Japan, pregnant women who ingested cooking oil that was heavily contaminated with PCBs and other chemicals had small-for-gestational-age infants who had transient darkening of the skin. PCBs are stored in body fat and are not readily excreted, except in the fat of breast milk. In the past, PCBs have entered the body through a variety of foods. More recently, contaminated game fish and occupational exposures have been the main sources. The only women in the United States who may have been heavily exposed are those who worked with PCBs or who have eaten large amounts of sports fish from PCB-contaminated waters such as the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Unless women have a history of exposure to PCBs, they should be encouraged to breast-feed their infants as usual. When a well-documented history of exposure to PCBs is obtained and the mother wants to breast-feed her infant, the mother's PCB level could be measured in about three weeks' time. The advice of state health department officials should be sought in the rare instances when a high PCB level is found.

scholarly journals Estimating daily intakes of manganese due to breast milk, infant formulas, or young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to sufficiency and toxicity thresholds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika J. Mitchell ◽  
Seth H. Frisbie ◽  
Stéphane Roudeau ◽  
Asuncion Carmona ◽  
Richard Ortega
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Mn Content

AbstractBackgroundAlthough manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, recent research has revealed that excess Mn in early childhood may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment.MethodsWe estimated daily total Mn intake due to breast milk at average body weights by reviewing reported concentrations of breast milk Mn and measurements of body weight and breast milk intake at 3 weeks, 4.25 months, 7 months, and 18 months. We compared these figures to the Mn content measured in 44 infant, follow-up, and toddler formulas purchased in the United States and France. We calculated Mn content of formula products made with ultra-trace elemental analysis grade water (0 µg Mn/L) and with water containing 250 µg Mn/L, a concentration which is relatively high but less than the World Health Organization Health-based value of 400 µg Mn/L or the United States Environmental Protection Agency Health Advisory of 350 µg Mn/L.ResultsEstimated mean daily Mn intake from breast milk ranged from 1.2 µg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 0.16 µg Mn/kg/day (18 months), with the highest intakes at the youngest age stage we considered, 3 weeks. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with 0 µg Mn/L water ranged from 130 µg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 4.8 µg Mn/kg/day (18 months) with the highest intakes at 3 weeks. Formula products provided 28 to 520 times greater than the mean daily intake of Mn from breast milk for the 4 age stages that we considered. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with water containing 250 µg Mn/L ranged from 12 µg Mn/kg/day to 170 µg Mn/kg/day, which exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency Reference Dose of 140 µg Mn/kg/day for adults.ConclusionsMn deficiency is highly unlikely with exclusive breast milk or infant formula feeding, but established tolerable daily intake levels for Mn may be surpassed by some of these products when following labeled instructions.HighlightsMn deficiency is unlikely with exclusive breast milk or infant formula feeding.Breast milk Mn mean intake is 1.2 µg/kg/day (3 weeks)-0.16 µg/kg/day (18 months).Formula Mn intake range is 130 µg/kg/day (3 weeks)-4.8 µg/kg/day (18 months).Formula products reconstituted with 250 µg Mn/L water may exceed 140 µg Mn/kg/day.Formula products may surpass regulatory tolerable daily intake levels for Mn.

scholarly journals Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seblework Mekonen ◽  
Argaw Ambelu ◽  
Mekitie Wondafrash ◽  
Patrick Kolsteren ◽  
Pieter Spanoghe
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

AbstractBreast milk is often used as an environmental bioindicator since it serves as an important medium to accumulate organochlorine pesticides. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk collected from three districts of southwestern Ethiopia (Asendabo, Deneba, and Serbo) at three times points baselines (1st month), midline ( six months), and end line (12 months) and risk of infants’ exposure. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. Breast milk samples were collected from 168 mothers at three time points and pesticides were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The level of pesticide residues in human milk samples and exposure of infants to the pesticides was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake of the pesticides under study. The results indicated that, from the eight organochlorine pesticides analyzed in 447 breast milk samples at three sampling times, DDT and its metabolites were detected. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in all (100%) of the breast milk samples while, p,p-DDD, and o,p-DDT were detected in 53.9%, and 42.7%, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT at three time points(baseline, midline and endline) were 2.25, 1.68 and 1.32 µg/g milk fat, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT from the three districts was 1.85 µg/g milk fat which is above the maximum residue limit (MRL = 0.02 µg/g milk fat set by FAO/WHO). The mean ratio of DDT/DDE for the three areas was calculated less than five (< 5) indicates historical DDT use in the study area. The estimated daily intake of infants at the first month of breastfeeding was 11.24 µg/kg-BW/day, above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for total DDT set by FAO/WHO, which is 10 µg/kg body weight. An intake of OCPs is a big concern for infants' health in Ethiopia and countries with a similar condition, particularly at the first month of lactation. Strict regulations of the health-threatening pesticide by the regulatory body (Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) at the country and regional levels is advocated.

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