A Fluorescently Labeled Dendronized Polymer–Enzyme Conjugate Carrying Multiple Copies of Two Different Types of Active Enzymes

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (28) ◽  
pp. 11392-11395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Grotzky ◽  
Thomas Nauser ◽  
Huriye Erdogan ◽  
A. Dieter Schlüter ◽  
Peter Walde
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Dendronized Polymer ◽  
Enzyme Conjugate

scholarly journals Prokaryotic gene-family size correlations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gon Carmi ◽  
Alexander Bolshoy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Ranking Methods ◽  
Prokaryotic Genomes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Copies

The existence of multiple copies of genes is a well-known phenomenon. A gene family is a set of sufficiently similar genes, formed by gene duplication. In earlier works conducted on limited number of completely sequenced and annotated genomes it was found that size of gene family and size of genome are positively correlated. Additionally, it was found that several atypical microbes deviated from the observed general trend. In this study, we reexamined these associations on a larger dataset consisting of 1484 prokaryotic genomes and using several ranking approaches. We applied ranking methods in such a way that genomes with lower number of paralogs would have lower rank. Until now only simple ranking methods were used; we applied the Kemeny optimal aggregation approach as well. Regression and correlation analysis were utilized in order to accurately quantify and characterize the relationships between measures of paralog indices and genome size. In addition, boxplot analysis was employed as a method for outlier detection. We found that, in general, all paralog indexes positively correlate with an increase of genome size. As expected, different groups of atypical prokaryotic genomes were found for different types of paralog quantities.

scholarly journals Shared Bioinformatics Databases within the Unipro UGENE Platform

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Protsyuk ◽  
German A. Grekhov ◽  
Alexey V. Tiunov ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Fursov
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Shared Data ◽  
Database Server ◽  
Multiple Alignments ◽  
Remote Storage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bioinformatics Databases ◽  
Multiple Copies

Summary Unipro UGENE is an open-source bioinformatics toolkit that integrates popular tools along with original instruments for molecular biologists within a unified user interface. Nowadays, most bioinformatics desktop applications, including UGENE, make use of a local data model while processing different types of data. Such an approach causes an inconvenience for scientists working cooperatively and relying on the same data. This refers to the need of making multiple copies of certain files for every workplace and maintaining synchronization between them in case of modifications. Therefore, we focused on delivering a collaborative work into the UGENE user experience. Currently, several UGENE installations can be connected to a designated shared database and users can interact with it simultaneously. Such databases can be created by UGENE users and be used at their discretion. Objects of each data type, supported by UGENE such as sequences, annotations, multiple alignments, etc., can now be easily imported from or exported to a remote storage. One of the main advantages of this system, compared to existing ones, is the almost simultaneous access of client applications to shared data regardless of their volume. Moreover, the system is capable of storing millions of objects. The storage itself is a regular database server so even an inexpert user is able to deploy it. Thus, UGENE may provide access to shared data for users located, for example, in the same laboratory or institution. UGENE is available at: http://ugene.net/download.html.

scholarly journals Growth by Insertion: The Family of Bacterial DDxP Proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9184
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Di Nocera ◽  
Eliana De Gregorio
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Homologous Proteins ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Multiple Copies

We have identified a variety of proteins in species of the Legionella, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Variovorax, Halomonas, and Rhizobia genera, which feature repetitive modules of different length and composition, invariably ending at the COOH side with Asp–Asp–x–Pro (DDxP) motifs. DDxP proteins range in size from 900 to 6200 aa (amino acids), and contain 1 to 5 different module types, present in one or multiple copies. We hypothesize that DDxP proteins were modeled by the action of specific endonucleases inserting DNA segments into genes encoding DDxP motifs. Target site duplications (TSDs) formed upon repair of staggered ends generated by endonuclease cleavage would explain the DDxP motifs at repeat ends. TSDs acted eventually as targets for the insertion of more modules of the same or different types. Repeat clusters plausibly resulted from amplification of both repeat and flanking TSDs. The proposed growth shown by the insertion model is supported by the identification of homologous proteins lacking repeats in Pseudomonas and Rhizobium. The 85 DDxP repeats identified in this work vary in length, and can be sorted into short (136–215 aa) and long (243–304 aa) types. Conserved Asp–Gly–Asp–Gly–Asp motifs are located 11–19 aa from the terminal DDxP motifs in all repeats, and far upstream in most long repeats.

Use of antisera against bovine (NCDV) and simian (SA11) rotaviruses in ELISA to detect different types of human rotavirus

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1118-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Bishai ◽  
L. Spence ◽  
D. Goodwin ◽  
R. Petro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Elisa System ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Hemagglutination Test ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Enzyme Conjugate

Two ELISA systems for the detection of human rotaviruses were developed. In the first system antibodies to Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate. In the second system antibodies to human rotavirus and antibodies to simian rotavirus (SA11) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate respectively. The second ELISA system proved to have a broader spectrum for the detection of human rotaviruses. By using the two ELISA systems, the different types of human rotavirus could be distinguished. The ELISA tests developed were 8 to 64 times as sensitive as electron microscopy (EM) and (or) counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The antigen detected by ELISA was shown to be different from that detected by the hemagglutination test.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

A New Defect in Polyethylene Single Crystals

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
E. L. Thomas ◽  
S. L. Sass
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Screw Dislocation ◽  
Small Distance ◽  
Dipole Model ◽  
Dislocation Dipole ◽  
Chain Folding ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Polymer Crystal ◽  
Different Types

In polyethylene single crystals pairs of black and white lines spaced 700-3,000Å apart, parallel to the [100] and [010] directions, have been identified as microsector boundaries. A microsector is formed when the plane of chain folding changes over a small distance within a polymer crystal. In order for the different types of folds to accommodate at the boundary between the 2 fold domains, a staggering along the chain direction and a rotation of the chains in the plane of the boundary occurs. The black-white contrast from a microsector boundary can be explained in terms of these chain rotations. We demonstrate that microsectors can terminate within the crystal and interpret the observed terminal strain contrast in terms of a screw dislocation dipole model.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

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