Microheterogeneous Structure of 1-Octanol in Neat and Water-Saturated State

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (34) ◽  
pp. 10160-10165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hu ◽  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Junfeng Shen ◽  
Zhenping Ji ◽  
Gongzhen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Microheterogeneous Structure ◽  
Saturated State ◽  
Water Saturated

scholarly journals Characterisation of Moisture in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Sapwood Modified with Maleic Anhydride and Sodium Hypophosphite

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333
Author(s):  
Injeong Kim ◽  
Emil Engelund Thybring ◽  
Olov Karlsson ◽  
Dennis Jones ◽  
George I. Mantanis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Capillary Water ◽  
Saturated State ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Modified Wood

In this study, the wood–water interactions in Scots pine sapwood modified with maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was studied in the water-saturated state. The water in wood was studied with low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) and the hydrophilicity of cell walls was studied by infrared spectroscopy after deuteration using liquid D2O. The results of LFNMR showed that the spin–spin relaxation (T2) time of cell wall water decreased by modification, while T2 of capillary water increased. Furthermore, the moisture content and the amount of water in cell walls of modified wood were lower than for unmodified samples at the water-saturated state. Although the amount of accessible hydroxyl groups in modified wood did not show any significant difference compared with unmodified wood, the increase in T2 of capillary water indicates a decreased affinity of the wood cell wall to water. However, for the cell wall water, the physical confinement within the cell walls seemed to overrule the weaker wood–water interactions.

Corrosion Behaviors of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete with Various Moisture Contents

2019 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Lu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcing Steel ◽  
Half Cell ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Macro Cell ◽  
Saturated State ◽  
Cell Current ◽  
Corrosion Behaviors ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Kinetics Of

Moisture contents of concrete can affect the corrosion of reinforcing steel. In this paper, moisture contents of concrete were increased by filling the small holes with water or fully submerging in water. The effect of moisture contents on the corrosion behaviors of cathodic and anodic steel was investigated by comparing the half-cell potential, micro-cell and macro-cell current density. The results indicated that when only the concrete around cathodic steel was in water-saturated state, it could greatly weakened the kinetics of cathodic reaction and resulted in a considerable decrease in macro-cell current. When only the concrete around anodic steel was in water-saturated state, it could not effectively inhibit the macro-cell corrosion. When both the concrete around the cathodic steel and the anodic steel were in water-saturated state, the macro-cell current flowing between cathode and anode could be inhibited effectively, and the corrosion was little affected by chloride contents.

On the Issue of Standardizing Concrete Frost Resistance to Ensure the Reinforced Concrete Structures Durability

2021 ◽  
Vol 1043 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Grigorii Nesvetaev ◽  
Yulia Koryanova ◽  
Aleksei Kolleganov ◽  
Nikita Kolleganov
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Structure ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Saturated State ◽  
Base Method ◽  
Water Saturated

When erecting monolithic reinforced concrete structures, the structure of concrete can differ significantly from the laboratory standard due to the complexity of providing favorable conditions for hardening, and therefore the compressive strength and especially the frost resistance of concrete may not meet the design requirements, which can negatively affect the reinforced concrete structure durability and require amplification, especially in earthquake-prone areas [1, 2]. Increasing the durability of reinforced concrete structures is possible by creating a rational stress field, for example, by prestressing, incl. variable along the length of the structure [3,4], but this technique is difficult to implement for monolithic reinforced concrete structures. It is possible to use effective materials or methods of manufacturing structures [5, 6]. But this is also mainly problematic for use in the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Generally accepted methods of calculating the reinforced concrete structures durability subjected to cyclic freezing-thawing during operation, incl. in a water-saturated state, do not exist. At the design stage, ensuring the durability of such reinforced concrete structures is mainly reduced to the reasonable assignment of requirements for concrete quality indicators, depending on the operating conditions, which is the focus of BC 28.13330.2017 (EN 206) and GOST 31384-2017 from the premise of ensuring durability of at least 50 years. In the above-mentioned norms of the Russian Federation, in fact, two approaches are presented to ensure the durability of reinforced concrete structures during cyclic freezing-thawing, incl. in a water-saturated state, namely: designing a concrete structure capable of working under such conditions by standardizing the values of cement consumption, W/C ratio, class of concrete in terms of compressive strength, amount of entrained air, or rationing of concrete grades in terms of frost resistance F1 (first base method GOST 10060-2012 provides for freezing in air, saturation and thawing in water) or F2 (second base method GOST 10060-2012 provides for freezing in air, saturation and thawing in 5% sodium chloride solution). The purpose of this work is to compare various approaches to ensuring the durability of reinforced concrete structures operated during cyclic freezing-thawing and to analyze the provision of durability with standardized indicators when designing the structure of concrete.

An Environmental Wet Cell For High Voltage Electron Microscopy

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
N.J. Tighe ◽  
H.M. Flower ◽  
P.R. Swann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Environmental Cell ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A differentially pumped environmental cell has been developed for use in the AEI EM7 million volt microscope. In the initial version the column of gas traversed by the beam was 5.5mm. This permited inclusion of a tilting hot stage in the cell for investigating high temperature gas-specimen reactions. In order to examine specimens in the wet state it was found that a pressure of approximately 400 torr of water saturated helium was needed around the specimen to prevent dehydration. Inelastic scattering by the water resulted in a sharp loss of image quality. Therefore a modified cell with an ‘airgap’ of only 1.5mm has been constructed. The shorter electron path through the gas permits examination of specimens at the necessary pressure of moist helium; the specimen can still be tilted about the side entry rod axis by ±7°C to obtain stereopairs.

The diurnal change of temperature of air dried and water saturated soil

1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
S. ITO ◽  
M. KUSAKABE
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Diurnal Change ◽  
Water Saturated

scholarly journals Experimental studies on the transformation from firn to ice in the wet-snow zone of temperate glaciers

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhisa Kawashima ◽  
Tomomi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Densification Rate ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Proportionality Constant ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

The densification of water-saturated firn, which had formed just above the firn-ice transition in the wet-snow zone of temperate glaciers, was investigated by compression tests under pressures ranging from 0.036 to 0.173 MPa, with special reference to the relationship between densification rate, time and pressure. At each test, the logarithm of the densification rate was proportional to the logarithm of the time, and its proportionality constant increased exponentially with increasing pressure. The time necessary for ice formation in the firn aquifer was calculated using the empirical formula obtained from the tests. Consequently, the necessary time decreased exponentially as the pressure increased, which shows that the transformation from firn in ice can be completed within the period when the firn aquifer exists, if the overburden pressure acting on the water-saturated firn is above 0.12–0.14 MPa. This critical value of pressure was in good agreement with the overburden pressure obtained from depth–density curves of temperate glaciers. It was concluded that the depth of firn–ice transition was self-balanced by the overburden pressure to result in the concentration between 20 and 30 m.

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