Developmental Effects in 2D Versus 3D Versions in Verticality and Horizontality Tasks

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Baldy ◽  
Claude Devichi ◽  
Jean-Francisque Chatillon
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Better Than

This study examined how the testing procedure might affect performances on the water-level task and the verticality task in the course of development, comparing performances on a two-dimensional graphic version (drawings of jars and of a hillside) and on a three-dimensional graphic version (real jars and a physical model of a hill). Results showed that performance improved with age and that scores on the 3D version were better as a whole than on the 2D version. The verticality task was quite difficult for all children, whatever the version. When the verticality task is presented in a blindfolded condition, children performed better than in the normal condition. Major factors (both relevant and irrelevant) that affect performance during development are discussed.

scholarly journals Do 3D Face Images Capture Cues of Strength, Weight, and Height Better than 2D Face Images do?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
Iris J Holzleitner ◽  
Alex L Jones ◽  
Kieran J O’Shea ◽  
Rachel Cassar ◽  
Vanessa Fasolt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
3D Images ◽  
3D Face ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
2D Images ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Objectives A large literature exists investigating the extent to which physical characteristics (e.g., strength, weight, and height) can be accurately assessed from face images. While most of these studies have employed two-dimensional (2D) face images as stimuli, some recent studies have used three-dimensional (3D) face images because they may contain cues not visible in 2D face images. As equipment required for 3D face images is considerably more expensive than that required for 2D face images, we here investigated how perceptual ratings of physical characteristics from 2D and 3D face images compare. Methods We tested whether 3D face images capture cues of strength, weight, and height better than 2D face images do by directly comparing the accuracy of strength, weight, and height ratings of 182 2D and 3D face images taken simultaneously. Strength, height and weight were rated by 66, 59 and 52 raters respectively, who viewed both 2D and 3D images. Results In line with previous studies, we found that weight and height can be judged somewhat accurately from faces; contrary to previous research, we found that people were relatively inaccurate at assessing strength. We found no evidence that physical characteristics could be judged more accurately from 3D than 2D images. Conclusion Our results suggest physical characteristics are perceived with similar accuracy from 2D and 3D face images. They also suggest that the substantial costs associated with collecting 3D face scans may not be justified for research on the accuracy of facial judgments of physical characteristics.

Comparative Research on Treating Vehicle-Washing Wastewater with Two and Three-Dimensional Electrode Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Lan Guan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electrolysis Time ◽  
Electrode Distance ◽  
Electrode Method ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes ◽  
Washing Wastewater ◽  
Better Than

Treatment of two-dimensional and three-dimensional electrode method was researched and compared respectively using aluminum electrodes. The influences of voltage, electrolysis time, pH and electrode distance on the result were also discussed. It was found that the degradation rate of wastewater with three-dimensional electrode method was much better than two-dimensional method. For the treatment of vehicle-washing wastewater, the best of voltage was 20V, the electrolysis time was 30 min, and the electrode distance was 2cm.

scholarly journals Visualisation of Collage Grammar to CellWorks: ET0L Mode and Part Sensitive Mode

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Ann Susa Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Theoretical Computer ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Hyperedge Replacement ◽  
Better Than

Images are an important aspect of human life as one remembers pictures better than words. Informally, a twodimensional string is called a picture. A two-dimensional language (or picture language) is a set of pictures. Picture generation and analysis has become a widely investigated field in Theoretical Computer Science and in Mathematics. Collage grammars are studied as devices that generate pictures by rewriting based on hyperedge replacement. A cell-work is a finite set of cells where each cell (being a three dimensional entity) is surrounded by one or more faces. This paper focuses on how cell work languages can be captured by collage grammar in ET0L and Part Sensitive modes.

scholarly journals Femtosecond X-ray diffraction from two-dimensional protein crystals

IUCrJ ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Frank ◽  
David B. Carlson ◽  
Mark S. Hunter ◽  
Garth J. Williams ◽  
Marc Messerschmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bragg Diffraction ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Protein Crystals ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Better Than

X-ray diffraction patterns from two-dimensional (2-D) protein crystals obtained using femtosecond X-ray pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) are presented. To date, it has not been possible to acquire transmission X-ray diffraction patterns from individual 2-D protein crystals due to radiation damage. However, the intense and ultrafast pulses generated by an XFEL permit a new method of collecting diffraction data before the sample is destroyed. Utilizing a diffract-before-destroy approach at the Linac Coherent Light Source, Bragg diffraction was acquired to better than 8.5 Å resolution for two different 2-D protein crystal samples each less than 10 nm thick and maintained at room temperature. These proof-of-principle results show promise for structural analysis of both soluble and membrane proteins arranged as 2-D crystals without requiring cryogenic conditions or the formation of three-dimensional crystals.

Origami Fabrication of SU-8 Supercapacitors

Materials ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Jin In ◽  
Sundeep Kumar ◽  
Shao-Horn Yang ◽  
George Barbastathis
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrochemical Capacitor ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electrochemical Testing ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Tools And Techniques

The Nanostructured Origami™ 3D Fabrication and Assembly Process was developed as a novel method of creating three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured devices using two-dimensional micro- and nanopatterning tools and techniques. The origami method of fabrication is a two-part process in which two-dimensional (2D) membranes are first patterned and then folded into the desired 3D configuration. This paper reports on the use of the Nanostructured Origami™ process to create a functional electrochemical energy storage device. An electrochemical capacitor, or a supercapacitor, is selected because its performance can be readily improved by the addition of 3D geometry and nanoarchitecture. In addition to improved performance, the origami fabrication method allows such devices to be integrated into preexisting MEMS and IC processes, thus enabling the fabrication of complete micro- and nanosystems with an integrated power supply. The supercapacitors were created by selectively depositing carbon-based electrode materials on the SU-8 membrane and then folding the structure so that oppositely-charged electrode regions face each other in a 3D arrangement. The fabrication process, electrochemical testing procedure, and analysis of the results are presented.

scholarly journals STABILITY OF BREAKWATER ROUNDHEADS DURING CONSTRUCTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel R.A. Van Gent ◽  
Ivo Van der Werf
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Physical Model Tests ◽  
Structure Geometry ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters ◽  
Hydraulic Stability

The presented study focussed on issues related to the hydraulic stability during the construction of rubble mound breakwaters. During construction the temporary roundheads differ from the roundheads in the final stage. Often a submerged uncompleted part of the breakwater is present in front of the section that reached its final crest elevation. This can occur because often the breakwater is being constructed with maritime-based equipment up to a certain elevation while the upper part of the breakwater is being constructed with land-based equipment. Three-dimensional physical model tests were performed to analyse the influence of the submerged part on the stability of the emerged part. The locations incurring the most damage clearly differ. Furthermore, for some combinations of water level, wave direction and structure geometry more damage was found for structures with a submerged part, although most combinations showed that the amount of displaced stones is generally lower for the structures with a submerged part.

Quasi-Three-Dimensional Numerical Solution of Flow in Turbomachines

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bosman ◽  
M. A. I. El-Shaarawi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Solution ◽  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Surfaces Of Revolution ◽  
Single Mass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Turbomachine Blade

The paper demonstrates the operational feasibility of obtaining flow detail through turbomachine blade passages by working iteratively with existing two-dimensional computer programs which solve alternately for S1 and S2 streamsheets. The resulting solution is regarded as “quasi-three-dimensional” because of the constraints implied by the use of S1 streamsurfaces which are surfaces of revolution and of a single, mass averaged S2 streamsurface. Since the S1 streamsheet thickness distributions are determined by the mean S2 solution and the mean S2 streamsurface shape is determined from the set of S1 solutions, the results obtained are anticipated to be better than could have been obtained by either program individually, since the latter application would necessarily have required the user to assume arbitrary variations for these factors. Comparisons of two and quasi-three dimensional results for a centrifugal compressor and a radial inflow turbine are presented.

An efficient design method for LED surface sources in three-dimensional rotational geometry using projected angle difference  An efficient design method for LED surface sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Li ◽  
P Ge ◽  
H Wang
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Angle Difference ◽  
Extended Sources ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

An efficient method is proposed for the design of prescribed rotational illumination on the far or near field using the edge-ray principle. By this method, the prescribed illuminance on the prescribed location can be determined by projected angle difference in a two-dimensional design process for LED extended sources. Profiles of the lens with two initial curves on the centre can be calculated based on the relationship between the illuminance and the projected angle difference. The initial optical systems we calculated are close to the prescribed illumination despite the influence of skew rays. More importantly, a prescribed illumination on the near field can be achieved accurately and quickly by using this method, which is better than the usual luminous intensity distribution design methods for LED extended sources.

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