scholarly journals ) Cues-of-Being-Watched Paradigm Revisited

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus-Christian Carbon ◽  
Vera M. Hesslinger
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into

Bateson, Nettle, and Roberts (2006 ) provided an intriguing experimental paradigm for investigating the effects of social cues on cooperative behavior in a real-world setting. By placing an image of a pair of eyes on a cupboard door above an “honesty box” for hot beverages, they induced substantially higher amounts of contributions. As this finding has a significant impact on the social sciences and assumptions concerning the meaning of social cues for human behavior, we systematically reanalyzed their procedure and statistical analyses and tried to replicate the results while taking personality factors into account. The overall results of our analysis and replication efforts do not unequivocally support conclusions about the effects of eyes as social cues for cooperative behavior. Problems start with the definition of cooperative behavior, underspecified methods, confounding variables, invalid statistical analyses, and a lack of insight into the factors – including personality factors – that modulate the expected effect. A follow-up experiment with 138 participants showed no effect of eyes on socially relevant concepts and attitudes. Furthermore, none of the personality factors that, according to Bateson et al.’s explanation of reputational concerns, might be a source of effects interacted with any of the measures we used to operationalize these socially relevant concepts and attitudes.

Together in Music

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Music Making ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Insight Into

Together in music develops insight into the musical ensemble as an intense form of teamwork, as finely coordinated joint action, and as an emotionally and socially rewarding experience that enables positive outcomes for wellbeing and development. By investigating processes related to group music-making at meso-, micro-, and macro-level, it offers a platform for synthesis across disciplinary and methodological approaches, and the definition of a new level of understanding that is holistic and considers interrelationships between levels of analysis. The book combines review chapters that summarize the state of the art with case studies that present research outcomes. While most chapters focus on Western classical or contemporary music, the themes that run through the book have broad relevance, which include the role of embodiment and emergence, relationships between the social and the musical, multi-dimensionality of experiences, and technologies to investigate and support collaboration and interaction in ensembles.

Teaching Hatred

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hamburg ◽  
Beatrix A. Hamburg
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
First Century ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Insight Into

We turn now to egregious examples of ways that education can be used to instill hatred, with the help of authoritarian states and fanatical leaders (either theological or secular) who shape children’s lives. There have been vivid examples of this throughout the twentieth century. The twenty-first century starts with the dramatic case of some Islamic fundamentalist schools that follow in this tradition of molding the lives of children for careers of hatred and violence.We describe these examples to provide a sharp contrast to the remainder of this book. Our fundamental aspiration is to inspire educators and leaders to embrace the important alternative role of education in fostering prosocial, empathic, and cooperative behavior—with insight into the destructive forces of human experience—that can provide the basis for a peaceful world in the long run. To be effective, we must address the obstacles to education in constructing such programs. Children can be brought up to hate, to condone killing, and even to participate in killing. That experiment has been done repeatedly. In the rest of this book, let us look briefly at examples of this destructive educational experience and then at the other side of the coin—learning to live together peacefully. The human capacity to shape child and adolescent development toward a pervasive culture of hatred and violence was vividly demonstrated by the Nazi experience. The his- torian Klaus Fischer writes on youth and education, and women and the family, in his book Nazi Germany—A New History. We begin with the origin of youth groups as a countercultural protest and move to the creation of the Hitler Youth movement and ways in which it exploited these relatively innocent youthful protests. Nazi education, its philosophy, and the creation of elite schools are described in terms of their attempt to shape the minds and bodies of boys toward devotion to the Führer and toward their future as Nazi leaders. Teachers, as well, were indoctrinated and obligated to behave in a prescribed manner toward the same end. The family, particularly the woman’s role in it, was seen as the social underpinning of society. The Nazi glorification of motherhood and the family was a means of creating more children to serve Hitler and the Nazi regime.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF THE SOCIAL GROUP OF ACTORS IN LATVIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Gatis Strads
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Artistic Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theatre Companies ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Insight Into

Theatre is one of the oldest forms of art due to its close nature to the life of people. Deriving from the point of epistemology, ontology and didactics, theatre poses its eternality... The most important concepts for the solution of social problems in education are individualization and socialization, individual activity of a personality and the interrelationship in a group, that has always been facilitated by culture, especially theatre performance. By analysing Latvian actors as a separate social group it is possible to trace its development process. The personality of actors in society opens up as its psychological and artistic activity. In order to carry out the analysis of social category, there is a need to analyse actor’s social relations. The activity of actors forms in its social group the cognitive image, that is socially relevant and which affects spectators. Theatre is the environment in which the actor lives and implements his/her social activity. Our theatre in the countryside is one of the strongest cognitive enlighteners, developers, and facilitators. The aim of the article is to provide the analysis of documents that give the insight into theatre companies and the formation of actors as a separate social group. The article also deals with the problems of modern theatre companies, and the ways how theatre companies have been developed. Research methods. Theoretical research methods include monographies, the analysis of research articles, the investigation of archive materials related to actors as a social group.

Simulating Cooperative Behaviors in Dynamic Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Jason Leezer ◽  
Kenny Wong
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Pareto Optimum ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Optimum Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Insight Into

Agent-based social simulation uses agent systems to study social behaviors and phenomena. A difficulty in producing social simulations lies in the problem of modeling the emergence of social norms. Although empirical evidence has provided insight into how human relationships are organized, the way in which those relationships are used to produce cooperative behavior where each agent only seeks to maximize its own utility is not well defined. This paper proposes a new rule called the Highest Rewarding Neighborhood (HRN) for social interactions. The HRN rule allows agents to remain selfish and be able to break relationships in order to maximize their utility. Our experiment shows that when agents are able to break unrewarding relationships that a Pareto-optimum strategy arises as the social norm. In addition, the authors conclude the rate and amount of Pareto-optimum strategy that arises is dependent on the network structure when the networks are dynamic, and the rate is independent of the network structure when the networks are static.

Reconstructing Realities from Biblical Utopias

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Frauke Uhlenbruch
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Type ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perceived Reality ◽  
Utopian Theory ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Strict Definition

This article addresses two specific issues in reading the Hebrew Bible drawing on utopian theory: the possibility of reconstructing historical reality by reading a text as a utopia, and the variable of changing audiences throughout time and their impact on utopian readings.
Suvin’s and Roemer’s definitions of utopia are used, but it is acknowledged that no one definition of utopia is necessarily more correct than another. ­Approaching the concept of utopia as a flexible ideal type, rather than with 
a strict definition, is advocated. Utopia is seen as a specific response by the author(s) to a perceived reality; therefore it has been suggested that reading biblical texts as utopia can offer insight into social realities at the time of the text’s creation. This notion is examined critically, drawing on Holquist’s comparison of utopia to the abstraction of chess. While it is possible to make some statements about the social reality at the time of the production of the text by reading the text as a utopian representation, it must always be taken into account that each reconstruction of reality is only one possible interpretation offered by a member of a non-intended audience. A utopia’s relationship to realities is complex, and often aspects of its implied counter-piece, the dystopia, become visible when a transfer of a utopia into reality is attempted.


An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Educational Gaming as a Teaching Method for Therapists

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Elizabeth Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Method ◽  
Traditional Lecture ◽  
Occupational Therapy Students ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Active Gaming ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Insight Into

This article describes an experimental study that examined the cognitive gain of occupational therapy students following either a traditional lecture method or an active gaming session. The students completed an identical pre-test, post-test and follow-up test in order to assess learning scores. They also rated their enjoyment of the intervention. At post-test, the lecture group showed superior cognitive gains. However, at a subsequent follw-up test after a number of weeks there were no significant differences, indicating that recall was the same for both the lecture and the game. A significant difference was observed in the interest and enjoyment value of the intervention, in favour of the game group. Finally, consideration of the confounding variables experienced in this study provides an insight into the difficulties of executing valid experimental research in the field of education.

scholarly journals Pathways to Empowerment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Judith R. L. M. Wolf ◽  
Irene E. Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Personal Agency ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Social Quality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Insight Into

A program for person-centered intervention—Pathways to Empowerment (PTE)—is indebted to the social quality approach (SQA), which has been developed as its scientific foundation. It provides comprehensive insight into all sorts of factors that have an impact on the quality of the daily lives of persons who have lost control in their lives. In this article, we describe what puzzles were encountered in this developmental process, specifically with regard to the constitutional factors of social quality, which are strongly linked to biographical development and personal agency and thus are the focal points of person-centered care. This part of the SQA seems less developed and researched. We describe how we have further developed the conceptualization of the constitutional factors and their dialectical relationships with the conditional factors into a practical structure for PTE. We make a case for the further development of the constitutional factors of the theory, specifically the concept of personal agency. A plea is made for reviewing the definition of social quality.

The NGO Moment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
International Organisations ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Global Project ◽  
Insight Into

This book is a study of compassion as a global project from Biafra to Live Aid. Kevin O'Sullivan explains how and why NGOs became the primary conduits of popular concern for the global poor between the late 1960s and the mid-1980s and shows how this shaped the West's relationship with the post-colonial world. Drawing on case studies from Britain, Canada and Ireland, as well as archival material from governments and international organisations, he sheds new light on how the legacies of empire were re-packaged and re-purposed for the post-colonial era, and how a liberal definition of benevolence, rooted in charity, justice, development and rights became the dominant expression of solidarity with the Third World. In doing so, the book provides a unique insight into the social, cultural and ideological foundations of global civil society. It reveals why this period provided such fertile ground for the emergence of NGOs and offers a fresh interpretation of how individuals in the West encountered the outside world.

Personality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer:

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Amelang ◽  
Petra Hasselbach ◽  
Til Stürmer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Type A Behavior ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Emotional Lability ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Incident Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract. Ten years ago a sample of N = 5.133 male and female subjects (age 28-74) responded to questionnaires including scales for personality, life style, work stress as well as questions on prevalent disease. We now report on the follow-up regarding self-reported incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer. During a mean follow-up of 10 years, 257 participants had died. Of those alive, N = 4.010 (82%) participated in the follow-up. Of these, 120 and 180 persons reported incident cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. The incidence of cardiovascular disease could be significantly predicted by the personality factors “Emotional Lability”, “Behavioral Control” and “Type-A-Behavior” as well as by the “Rationality/Antemotionality”-scale according to Grossarth-Maticek. After controlling for age, gender and smoking behavior only the significant effect of “Emotional Lability” remained and the predictors according to Grossarth-Maticek had no incremental validity. Cancer could not be predicted by any personality factors.

Re-Increased Male Suicide Rates in the Recovery Phase Following the Great East Japan Earthquake

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatsugu Orui
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Temporary Housing ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Background: Monitoring of suicide rates in the recovery phase following a devastating disaster has been limited. Aim: We report on a 7-year follow-up of the suicide rates in the area affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred in March 2011. Method: This descriptive study covered the period from March 2009 to February 2018. Period analysis was used to divide the 108-month study period into nine segments, in which suicide rates were compared with national averages using Poisson distribution. Results: Male suicide rates in the affected area from March 2013 to February 2014 increased to a level higher than the national average. After subsequently dropping, the male rates from March 2016 to February 2018 re-increased and showed a greater difference compared with the national averages. The difference became significant in the period from March 2017 to February 2018 ( p = .047). Limitations: Specific reasons for increasing the rates in the recovery phase were not determined. Conclusion: The termination of the provision of free temporary housing might be influential in this context. Provision of temporary housing was terminated from 2016, which increased economic hardship among needy evacuees. Furthermore, disruption of the social connectedness in the temporary housing may have had an influence. Our findings suggest the necessity of suicide rate monitoring even in the recovery phase.

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