Implicit and Explicit Knowledge Decay at Different Rates: A Dissociation Between Priming and Recognition in Artificial Grammar Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Tunney
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Knowledge Decay ◽  
Finite State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
State Grammar

Abstract. An experiment tested the common assumption that implicit and explicit knowledge are forgotten at different rates. In a training phase participants responded to sequences of letters generated by a finite-state grammar by pressing corresponding letters on a keyboard. A control group responded to randomized sequences. Participants were tested immediately following training and after intervals of seven and fourteen days. During each test participants responded to the letters of old and new sequences, and performed a concurrent recognition test. Priming was indexed by the time taken to respond to the sequences. In the immediate test both priming and recognition were substantially greater than the control group. In the delayed tests the level of priming remained unchanged but recognition had declined. The data indicate that priming and recognition decay at different rates, and are discussed with reference to both single and dual process models of memory.

Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. de Jong ◽  
B. E. Sportel ◽  
E. de Hullu ◽  
M. H. Nauta
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Evaluative Processes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

BackgroundSocial anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.MethodAdolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.ResultsThere was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.

Convergence of Direct, Indirect, and Objective Risk-Taking Measures in Gambling

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike X. R. Dislich ◽  
Axel Zinkernagel ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Manfred Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Based on dual-process models, we assumed that risk taking depends on implicit and explicit risk attitudes and risk propensity. Specifically, we predicted that the convergence between these indicators would depend on the impulsiveness versus reflectiveness of risk behavior. Two objective personality tests (OPTs) of risk taking that measure risk behavior in standardized situations were employed. We predicted that the impulsive OPT would depend more on implicit risk dispositions. The reverse effect pattern was expected for the reflective OPT. Next, we expected that self-control would amplify the weight of explicit dispositions and attenuate that of implicit dispositions. At Time 1, two direct questionnaire measures of explicit risk proneness, three indirect measures of implicit risk proneness, and a self-control measure were administered. At Time 2, participants participated in a reflective and an impulsive gambling OPT. The assumed pattern of effects was obtained. We conclude with a discussion of future research avenues.

scholarly journals Implicit affectivity in clinically depressed patients during acute illness and recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Suslow ◽  
Charlott Maria Bodenschatz ◽  
Anette Kersting ◽  
Markus Quirin ◽  
Vivien Günther
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Implicit Affect ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract Background Clinical depression is characterized by high levels of negative affect (NA) and attenuated positive affect (PA). Psychological and pharmacological treatments have been shown to reduce NA and to enhance PA in depressed patients. Following dual-process models, two types of affect can be distinguished: explicit (or self-reported) affect, which is formed by conscious reflections, and implicit affect, which relates to automatic affective reactions. The present study was conducted to examine, for the first time, both implicit and explicit affectivity in patients suffering from acute depression. Moreover, changes in patients’ implicit and explicit affectivity were investigated over the course of inpatient treatment. Methods Thirty-nine patients suffering from major depression and 39 healthy individuals participated in the study. Implicit affectivity was assessed using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test. The explicit state and trait affectivity were measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The level of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Tests were administered to patients after admission and after 7 weeks of therapy, whereas healthy controls were investigated only once. We examined whether either comorbidity or antidepressant medication has an effect on affectivity. Results Patients with acute depression had lower implicit and explicit PA scores and higher implicit and explicit NA scores than the healthy controls. After treatment, patients’ level of depression decreased significantly. At posttreatment, patients exhibited heightened implicit and explicit PA and diminished explicit trait NA. Independent of antidepressant medication and comorbidity, no significant change in implicit NA was observed over the course of treatment. Implicit NA was correlated with explicit NA in acute depression but not during recovery. Conclusions Acute depression appears to be characterized by decreased implicit and explicit PA and increased implicit and explicit NA. After 7 weeks of treatment, depressed patients’ implicit and explicit PA increased, and explicit trait NA decreased. No decrease in implicit NA and explicit state NA occurred over the course of treatment. Finally, it seems that in the state of acute depression, the interplay between the automatic and reflective systems could be increased for negative affectivity.

scholarly journals Emotion-Regulation in Psychosis: Patients with Psychotic Disorders Apply Reappraisal Successfully

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Opoka ◽  
Johanna Sundag ◽  
Marcel Riehle ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Neurocognitive Functioning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Following Instructions ◽  
Clinical Control ◽  
The Common

Abstract Background Emotion-regulation is assumed to be impaired in psychosis: patients with psychotic disorders (PD) self-report to use reappraisal less frequently than healthy controls (HC), but it is uncertain whether they are also less successful in applying reappraisal. Moreover, it has not been investigated whether the habitual use of reappraisal is associated with the ability to use reappraisal successfully. Methods To address these questions, PD (n = 60), a clinical control group of patients with anxiety disorders (AD; n = 40) and HC (n = 40) completed questionnaires on habitual emotion-regulation and alexithymia, performed tests on neurocognitive functioning and jumping-to-conclusion bias, and were subjected to an emotion-regulation paradigm, in which they were asked to down-regulate induced anxiety and sadness. Results No differences were found between PD and HC regarding the habitual use of reappraisal, but PD reported to use reappraisal more frequently than AD. All groups were able to down-regulate anxiety and sadness via reappraisal following instructions. The habitual use of reappraisal and the reduction of anxiety and sadness after instruction were uncorrelated. Conclusion These findings question the common assumption that PD use reappraisal less often or less successfully. At least under laboratory condition, PD do not appear to be impaired in reducing negative affect via reappraisal successfully.

Predicting Self–Confident Behaviour with Implicit and Explicit Self–Esteem Measures

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Affective Priming Task

The present research compared the validity of popular direct and indirect measures of self–esteem in predicting self–confident behaviour in different social situations. In line with behavioural dual–process models, both implicit and explicit self–esteem were hypothesized to be related to appearing self–confident to unacquainted others. A total of 127 participants responded to the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Self–Esteem Scale, and an adjective scale for measuring explicit self–esteem (ESE). Participants‘ implicit self–esteem (ISE) was assessed with four indirect measures: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the name–letter task (NLT), and two variants of an affective priming task, the reaction–time affective priming task (RT–APT) and the error–based affective priming task (EB–APT). Self–confident behaviour was observed in four different social situations: (i) self–introduction to a group; (ii) an ostracism experience; (iii) an interview about the ostracism experience; and (iv) an interview about one's personal life. In general, appearing self–confident to unknown others was independently predicted by ESE and ISE. The indirect measures of self–esteem were, as expected, not correlated, and only the self–esteem APTs—but not the self–esteem IAT or the NLT—predicted self–confident behaviours. It is important to note that in particular the predictive power of the self–esteem EB–APT pertained to all four criteria and was incremental to the ESE measures. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

The Effects of Recasts and Working Memory on the Development of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Ahn ◽  
Youngkyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elicited Imitation ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the effects of recasts and working memory on the acquisition of Korean morphological causatives by advanced Chinese learners of Korean. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: A experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received intensive recasts during task-based interaction, whereas the control group did not. The effects of recasts were measured by two types of tests: An elicited imitation test, as a measure of implicit knowledge, and an untimed grammaticality judgment test, as a measure of explicit knowledge. The findings are as follows. First, from the pretest to the delayed posttest, recasts facilitated the learners’ acquisition of causative construction by developing both their implicit and explicit knowledge. Second, the results of delayed posttests showed that recasts were more effective in aiding the development of implicit knowledge than explicit knowledge. Third, working memory was found to be a significant covariate in the facilitative effects of recasts on explicit knowledge; that is, it mediated the development of explicit knowledge via recasts as a significant individual difference factor. The effects of recasts were maintained even when the impact of working memory was controlled. (189 words)

scholarly journals Effects of Written Corrective Feedback on Explicit and Implicit Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Mitra Samiei ◽  
Tam Shu Sim
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Written Corrective Feedback ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

This study is an examination of the effect of the different degrees of explicitness of written corrective feedback (WCF) on implicit and explicit knowledge of the target structure (past simple tense) in the short term and long term. There were four experimental groups including a control group, in this quasi-experimental study which received different degrees of explicit WCF. This study sought to investigate whether or not written corrective feedback could also be effective in targeting the problematic error category in the texts of FL writers. Past simple test was known as the problematic structure based on the result of the pre-test, though their level of proficiency was intermediate. It was found that both metalinguistic and direct WCF could affect the participants’ explicit knowledge of the past simple tense in the short term and long term; the indirect WCF on the other hand, could only affect the explicit knowledge in the short term and the reformulation was the only kind of WCF that did not have any effect on the explicit knowledge of the past simple tense. Moreover, all the experimental groups’ implicit knowledge improved in the short term; however, this improvement was sustained in the long term for the metalinguistic and indirect groups only. Journal of NELTA, Vol. 21, No. 1-2, 2016, Page:74-85

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document