Vulnerability Factors for Bipolar Disorders as Predictors of Attributions in Ability-Based and Chance-Based Tests

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Meyer ◽  
Stephen Barton ◽  
Marina Baur ◽  
Gabriele Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hypomanic Personality Scale ◽  
Stable Characteristic

The role of attributional style in bipolar disorder has received empirical support. Research suggests that a pattern of global, stable, and possibly internal attributions for positive events might even trigger mania. We tested whether hypothesized risk factors for bipolar disorder are associated with such attributions after feedback of success in an ability- and chance-based test. University students (n = 115) completed the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Scales (BIS/BAS) and the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) to assess risk for bipolar disorder. In addition, participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview. All participants performed an ability-based (intelligence) test and a chance-based (dice-throwing) test, and success was induced by providing positive feedback regardless of their actual test performance. Attributions of perceived success were assessed after each test. Results showed that high scores on the BAS scale were generally predictive of self-serving attributions in the ability-based test, while scores on the HPS predicted a more global and self-serving attributional style in the chance-based test. Current depression, lifetime affective disorder, BIS, or the dysregulation of the BAS did not consistently predict attributions on either test. Despite some methodological limitations, results suggest that anticipated or experienced success in skill-related contexts triggers self-serving attributions in individuals scoring high on the BAS scale, while perceived positive outcome in chance-related, more unrealistic contexts triggers similar attributions in individuals scoring high on the HPS. Future research has to examine whether these overly positive attributions after positive, chance-related situations are a stable characteristic with respect to vulnerability to mania.

scholarly journals Discriminating evidence accumulation from urgency signals in speeded decision making

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy E. Hawkins ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers ◽  
Roger Ratcliff ◽  
Scott D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Gating Model ◽  
Noisy Information

The dominant theoretical paradigm in explaining decision making throughout both neuroscience and cognitive science is known as “evidence accumulation”—the core idea being that decisions are reached by a gradual accumulation of noisy information. Although this notion has been supported by hundreds of experiments over decades of study, a recent theory proposes that the fundamental assumption of evidence accumulation requires revision. The “urgency gating” model assumes decisions are made without accumulating evidence, using only moment-by-moment information. Under this assumption, the successful history of evidence accumulation models is explained by asserting that the two models are mathematically identical in standard experimental procedures. We demonstrate that this proof of equivalence is incorrect, and that the models are not identical, even when both models are augmented with realistic extra assumptions. We also demonstrate that the two models can be perfectly distinguished in realistic simulated experimental designs, and in two real data sets; the evidence accumulation model provided the best account for one data set, and the urgency gating model for the other. A positive outcome is that the opposing modeling approaches can be fruitfully investigated without wholesale change to the standard experimental paradigms. We conclude that future research must establish whether the urgency gating model enjoys the same empirical support in the standard experimental paradigms that evidence accumulation models have gathered over decades of study.

scholarly journals "Born Out of Fear": A Grounded Theory Study of the Stigma of Bipolar Disorder for New Mothers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walker Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Grounded Theory Study ◽  
Core Category ◽  
Stigma Of Mental Illness

Childbirth is an established trigger for the onset of bipolar disorders (BD) in the postpartum period, causing significant pathology and disability. Research has shown that the stigma of mental illness for new mothers is a powerful obstacle to care, preventing women from accessing critical treatment and social support. However, the majority of research has examined the relationship between the stigma and postpartum depression, leaving a gap in knowledge regarding stigma and postpartum bipolar disorder. The problem addressed in this grounded theory study was the lack of knowledge regarding the stigma of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) in the first year postpartum. A theoretical sample of 15 women given a clinical diagnosis of a BD in the first year postpartum participated in one, 60-90-minute recorded interview using semi-structured questions. I analyzed typed interview transcripts using open, axial, and selective coding according to grounded theory methods. Emergent categories: Diagnosis, Experiencing Stigma, and Lack of Understanding revealed the relief in the initial diagnosis and the subsequent experience of stigma in the form of stigmatizing stereotypes, prejudicial attitudes and discrimination, and the development of the belief that stigma was caused by universal lack of understanding regarding BD. The core category of Born Out of Fear was identified. Selective coding confirmed that the stigma experienced by participants was consistent with existing models of stigma, with the exception that women did not describe their babies or other children as components of the experience of stigma. Increased understanding of the stigma of mental illness for new mothers creates pathways for future research.

Risk for Mania and its Relationship to Implicit and Explicit Achievement Motivation

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Finucane ◽  
Gabriele Jordan ◽  
Thomas D. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Manic Defense ◽  
Hypomanic Personality Scale ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

There is evidence that bipolar disorders are associated with achievement-related cognitions such as setting high goals. A psychodynamic model, the manic defense hypothesis, postulates that a threat to fragile self-esteem triggers grandiosity and manic behaviors in vulnerable people. Vulnerability to bipolar disorders should therefore be positively associated with indicators of explicit hope of success (HS) and implicit fear of failure (FF). Using an online sample (n = 252), we tested these hypotheses using the well-validated Hypomanic Personality Scale as risk indicator for mania, the Multi-Motive Grid for achievement motivation, controlling for current and lifetime depression. Contrary to expectations, we found that vulnerability for mania was significantly and positively related to implicit HS but not to FF after controlling for depression. All measures were self-report tools. Our results contradict the Manic Defense Hypothesis, but they are in line with the idea that achievement-related cognitions are of relevance to vulnerability in bipolar disorders. This is in line with research focusing on the role of the Behavioral Activation System in relation to vulnerability for mania.

scholarly journals The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on pediatric bipolar disorder: Knowledge to date and directions for future research

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 524-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin I Goldstein ◽  
Boris Birmaher ◽  
Gabrielle A Carlson ◽  
Melissa P DelBello ◽  
Robert L Findling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
International Society ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Task Force Report

Manejo y comorbilidades de los trastornos bipolares en la infancia y adolescencia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Hugo Enrique Hernández-Martínez ◽  
Marta Georgina Ochoa-Madrigal
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
World Population ◽  
Key Words Bipolar Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms

The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders (BPD) in children is currently one of the biggest challenges and area of controversy in the field of child psychiatry. Bipolar disorders encompass several affective disorders that involve alterations in the degree of activity, content and form of thinking that are characterized by biphasic episodes of mood. This group of disorders affect approximately 1% of the world population and begin in youth (the average age of onset of ~20 years). However, in some studies a delay of 5 years has been observed since the presentation of symptoms at the beginning of the treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of TBP in children and adolescents should be based on the same set of symptoms applied to adults, as well as the general principles of the treatment. The research carried out around this disorder has resulted in changes in the conceptualization and approach of this pathology, now conceived as a group of disorders that share changes in mood and other cardinal symptoms, of a chronic and progressive nature that impacts in a negative way in those who suffer them. Key words: Bipolar disorder; childhood; mania; hypomania; depression.

scholarly journals Deficits in explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Kurtz ◽  
Pia Mohring ◽  
Katharina Förster ◽  
Michael Bauer ◽  
Philipp Kanske
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Abstract Background This study aimed to compile and synthesize studies investigating explicit emotion regulation in patients with bipolar disorder and individuals at risk of developing bipolar disorder. The importance of explicit emotion regulation arises from its potential role as a marker for bipolar disorders in individuals at risk and its potent role in therapy for bipolar disorder patients. Methods To obtain an exhaustive compilation of studies dealing specifically with explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder, we conducted a systematic literature search in four databases. In the 15 studies we included in our review, the emotion-regulation strategies maintenance, distraction, and reappraisal (self-focused and situation-focused) were investigated partly on a purely behavioral level and partly in conjunction with neural measures. The samples used in the identified studies included individuals at increased risk of bipolar disorder, patients with current affective episodes, and patients with euthymic mood state. Results In summary, the reviewed studies' results indicate impairments in explicit emotion regulation in individuals at risk for bipolar disorder, patients with manic and depressive episodes, and euthymic patients. These deficits manifest in subjective behavioral measures as well as in neural aberrations. Further, our review reveals a discrepancy between behavioral and neural findings regarding explicit emotion regulation in individuals at risk for bipolar disorders and euthymic patients. While these groups often do not differ significantly in behavioral measures from healthy and low-risk individuals, neural differences are mainly found in frontostriatal networks. Conclusion We conclude that these neural aberrations are a potentially sensitive measure of the probability of occurrence and recurrence of symptoms of bipolar disorders and that strengthening this frontostriatal route is a potentially protective measure for individuals at risk and patients who have bipolar disorders.

Toward a Grounded Theory of Student-Athlete Suffering and Dealing with Academic Corruption

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Kihl ◽  
Tim Richardson ◽  
Charles Campisi
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Academic Corruption ◽  
Dual Consciousness

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explain how student-athletes are affected by an instance of academic corruption. Using a grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1998), multiple sources of data were collected and analyzed using the constant comparison method leading to theory generation. Findings revealed that student-athletes suffer three main consequences (negative treatment, sanctions, and a sense of loss) that lead to various harmful outcomes (e.g., distrust, embarrassment, dysfunctional relationships, stakeholder separation, anger, stress, and conflict). However, the consequences also created a positive outcome displayed through a dual consciousness of corruption (resiliency and empowerment). The results are compared with existing theoretical concepts and previous research associated with the outcomes of corruption. This theory adds to our knowledge of the nature of suffering experienced by student-athletes as a result of corruption and provides direction for future research and practice.

scholarly journals The role of salient beliefs in graduates’ intention to apply

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Adams ◽  
François De Kock
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Behavioural Control ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Perceived Behavioural Control ◽  
Latent Variable Analysis ◽  
Study Results

Orientation: Organisations compete fiercely to recruit the best graduates, because they consider them a rich source of future talent. In the recruitment literature, it has become increasingly important to understand the factors that influence graduate applicant intentions. Research purpose: Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we tested a model proposing that applicant intention is a function of their attitude towards applying, beliefs about referent other’s expectations (subjective norms) and perceived behavioural control with respect to this behaviour.Motivation for the study: The study was motivated by the need to shed light on graduate applicants’ decisions to apply to an organisation of their choice. Research approach, design and method: The study used a quantitative design to test hypotheses that attitudes towards behaviour, norms and control beliefs would influence intention to apply. We surveyed prospective job seekers (N = 854) studying at a South African university about their beliefs regarding the job application process. Main findings: Structural equation modelling showed reasonable fit of the proposed model to the survey data. Latent variable analysis demonstrated that perceived behavioural control and subjective norm explained intention to apply. With the combination of all three variables, only attitude towards applying did not play a significant role in the prediction of intention to apply, which is contrary to previous research. Practical/managerial implications: The findings highlight the role of salient control beliefs in the application process. Efforts by universities and organisations to affect intentions to apply may potentially benefit from focusing on support services that could enhance feelings of control and minimise perceived obstacles. Recruiters could focus on control to increase potential recruitment pools. Contribution/value-add: The study contributes to the recruitment literature in three ways. Firstly, TPB is shown to be a useful framework to explain graduate applicants’ intention to apply, as this theoretical model found empirical support. In doing so, the present study advances our understanding of how graduates’ intentions to apply are formed. Secondly, the results showed that applicants’ control and normative beliefs dominate when considering applying. Lastly, the study results open up interesting avenues for future research on applicant intentions.

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