scholarly journals Efektivitas Training Fungsi Eksekutif Terkomputerisasi dalam Meningkatkan Kapasitas Fungsi Eksekutif dan Performa Akademik Matematika

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Isman Rahmani Yusron ◽  
Sri Kusrohmaniah
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Back Task

Performa bermatematika anak-anak Indonesia, dilaporkan jauh di bawah dari harapan. Terdapat indikasi bahwa fungsi eksekutif berperan dalam performa dan prestasi matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas penggunaan training terkomputerisasi yang mengadopsi paradigma pengukuran fungsi eksekutif, untuk mendongkrak performa bermatematika. Paradigma tugas seperti n-back task, flanker task, go no/go task, numerical-estimation task, dan stroop task, dirangkai menjadi suatu latihan melalui aplikasi OpenSesame®.  Kelompok eksperimen (n=32), diberikan 45 menit training selama tujuh hari, dan diberikan tes matematika pada pre dan posttest. Kemudian, dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (n=34) yang juga diberikan pretest dan posttest tanpa diberi perlakuan apapun. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan perbedaan rerata yang signifikan (t=-5,04; p<0,05) pada kelompok eksperimen antara hasil pretest dan posttest. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan (t=-1,21; p>0,05). Hasil uji ANAVA terhadap skor kapasitas fungsi eksekutif setiap sesi menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (F=13,47; p<0,05), dengan plot rerata skor meningkat. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa training fungsi eksekutif terkomputerisasi efektif dalam meningkatkan kapasitas fungsi eksekutif dan performa akademik matematika.

Under- and Over-Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Crollen ◽  
Julie Castronovo ◽  
Xavier Seron
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Mapping Hypothesis ◽  
Task Perception

Over the last 30 years, numerical estimation has been largely studied. Recently, Castronovo and Seron (2007) proposed the bi-directional mapping hypothesis in order to account for the finding that dependent on the type of estimation task (perception vs. production of numerosities), reverse patterns of performance are found (i.e., under- and over-estimation, respectively). Here, we further investigated this hypothesis by submitting adult participants to three types of numerical estimation task: (1) a perception task, in which participants had to estimate the numerosity of a non-symbolic collection; (2) a production task, in which participants had to approximately produce the numerosity of a symbolic numerical input; and (3) a reproduction task, in which participants had to reproduce the numerosity of a non-symbolic numerical input. Our results gave further support to the finding that different patterns of performance are found according to the type of estimation task: (1) under-estimation in the perception task; (2) over-estimation in the production task; and (3) accurate estimation in the reproduction task. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the more a participant under-estimated in the perception task, the more he/she over-estimated in the production task. We discussed these empirical data by showing how they can be accounted by the bi-directional mapping hypothesis ( Castronovo & Seron, 2007 ).

scholarly journals Examining cognitive training and executive function in older adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meggan Porteous ◽  
Sheida Rabipour ◽  
Patrick Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hit Rates ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
Back Task

Studies have shown that cognitive functions decline with increasing age. As the population of older adults (OA) has grown, interest in cognitive training programs (CTP) has steadily expanded. The present study investigated whether CTP can lead to improvements in the performance of OA on cognitive tasks. Thirty-five adults (OA; 60-87 years) were recruited to complete 25 sessions of a CTP over five weeks, with assessments completed before and after the program. Thirty-two young adults (YA; 17-27 years) were also recruited to complete one assessment for baseline comparison with OA. During assessments, participants were evaluated using tasks of executive function, including the N-back task of working memory and Flanker task of inhibition. The response time (RT) and hit rates of YA and OA on these tasks were examined at baseline, as well as changes in OA pre- and post-training. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a reduction of pre- and post-training RT for the Flanker task. There was no post-training change in RT on the N-back task. While OA hit rates did not change significantly pre- and post-assessment on the Flanker task, they showed increased hit rates post-training in the N-back task. In both tasks, OA and YA hit rates and RT were significantly different, with YA demonstrating lower RT and hit rate compared to OA. Follow-up studies will determine whether other factors can also lead to improvement. Determining whether CTP can improve cognitive performance in OA can help determine the potential of such approaches to prevent or rehabilitate age-related cognitive decline.

List-level control in the flanker task

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1444-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M Bugg ◽  
Corentin Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Established Method ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
First Time

Current theories posit multiple levels of cognitive control for resolving conflict, including list-level control: the global or proactive biasing of attention across a list of trials. However, to date, evidence for pure list-level control has largely been confined to the Stroop task. Our goals were twofold: (a) test the generality of theoretical accounts by seeking evidence for list-level control in the letter flanker task, using an established method involving diagnostic items, and investigating the conditions under which list-level control may and may not be observed and (b) develop and test a potential solution to the challenge of isolating list-level control in tasks with a relatively limited set of stimuli and responses such as arrow flanker. Our key findings were that list-level control was observed for the first time in a letter flanker task on diagnostic items (Experiment 1), and it was not observed when the design was altered to encourage learning and use of simple stimulus–response associations (Experiment 2). These findings support the generalisability of current theoretical accounts positing dual-mechanisms or multiple levels of control, and the associations as antagonists to control account positing that list-level control may be a last resort, to conflict tasks besides Stroop. List-level control was also observed in the arrow flanker task using a modified design (Experiment 3), which could be extended to other conflict tasks with limited sets of stimuli (four or fewer), although this solution is not entirely free of confounds.

scholarly journals Finding an interaction between Stroop congruency and flanker congruency requires a large congruency effect: A within-trial combination of conflict tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alodie Rey-Mermet
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Central Character ◽  
Vocal Responses

Responding to a conflict is assumed to trigger attentional-control processes, that is, processes that enable us to activate goal-relevant information and to inhibit irrelevant information. Typically, conflict is induced in tasks, such as the Stroop task (which requires identifying the color of color words) or the flanker task (which requires identifying a central character among flankers). Combining the conflicts within the same trial has been found to result in an interaction in reaction times (RTs), suggesting a generalization of attentional control. However, this interaction was observed when the congruency effect was substantial, that is, when the RT difference between incongruent trials (e.g., the word “green” printed in red for the Stroop task) and congruent trials (e.g., the word “red” printed in red) was large. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a large congruency effect is the necessary condition for observing the interaction. To this end, Stroop and flanker tasks were combined, and participants were asked to respond to the color of central letter/word while ignoring the flanking letters/words. The magnitude of the congruency effect was increased: (a) by testing older adults (Exp. 1), (b) by manipulating the proportion of trials in which participants were asked to respond to the word meaning (Exp. 2), and (c) by using vocal responses (Exp. 3). The results showed an interaction when the Stroop congruency effect was large. Therefore, such interactions can be used to validate or invalidate theoretical explanations only when the precondition – a large congruency effect – is fulfilled.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Estimation Task is nonunitary: Evidence for multiple magnitude representation mechanisms among normative and ADHD college students

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-246
Author(s):  
Sarit Ashkenazi ◽  
Yulia Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Cognitive Estimation ◽  
Hebrew Version ◽  
Shared Variance ◽  
A Current

There is a current debate on whether the cognitive system has a shared representation for all magnitudes or whether there are unique representations. To investigate this question, we used the Biber cognitive estimation task. In this task, participants were asked to provide estimates for questions such as, “How many sticks of spaghetti are in a package?” The task uses different estimation categories (e.g., time, numerical quantity, distance, and weight) to look at real-life magnitude representations. Experiment 1 assessed (N = 95) a Hebrew version of the Biber Cognitive Estimation Task and found that different estimation categories had different relations, for example, weight, time, and distance shared variance, but numerical estimation did not. We suggest that numerical estimation does not require the use of measurement in units, hence, it represents a more “pure” numerical estimation. Experiment 2 found that different factors explain individual abilities in different estimation categories. For example, numerical estimation was predicted by preverbal innate quantity understanding (approximate number sense) and working memory, whereas time estimations were supported by IQ. These results demonstrate that cognitive estimation is not a unified construct.

scholarly journals Multichannel anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a paediatric population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Splittgerber ◽  
Christoph Borzikowsky ◽  
Ricardo Salvador ◽  
Oula Puonti ◽  
Kiriaki Papadimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Concurrent Task ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Neurophysiological Activity ◽  
Back Task

AbstractMethodological studies investigating transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) in paediatric populations are limited. Therefore, we investigated in a paediatric population whether stimulation success of multichannel tDCS over the lDLPFC depends on concurrent task performance and individual head anatomy. In a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blind crossover study 22 healthy participants (10–17 years) received 2 mA multichannel anodal tDCS (atDCS) over the lDLPFC with and without a 2-back working memory (WM) task. After stimulation, the 2-back task and a Flanker task were performed. Resting state and task-related EEG were recorded. In 16 participants we calculated the individual electric field (E-field) distribution. Performance and neurophysiological activity in the 2-back task were not affected by atDCS. atDCS reduced reaction times in the Flanker task, independent of whether atDCS had been combined with the 2-back task. Flanker task related beta oscillation increased following stimulation without 2-back task performance. atDCS effects were not correlated with the E-field. We found no effect of multichannel atDCS over the lDLPFC on WM in children/adolescents but a transfer effect on interference control. While this effect on behaviour was independent of concurrent task performance, neurophysiological activity might be more sensitive to cognitive activation during stimulation. However, our results are limited by the small sample size, the lack of an active control group and variations in WM performance.

scholarly journals How the wisdom of crowds, and of the crowd within, are affected by expertise

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Fiechter ◽  
Nate Kornell
Keyword(s):  
High Accuracy ◽  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Crowd Wisdom ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
The Wisdom Of Crowds

AbstractWe investigated the effect of expertise on the wisdom of crowds. Participants completed 60 trials of a numerical estimation task, during which they saw 50–100 asterisks and were asked to estimate how many stars they had just seen. Experiment 1 established that both inner- and outer-crowd wisdom extended to our novel task: Single responses alone were less accurate than responses aggregated across a single participant (showing inner-crowd wisdom) and responses aggregated across different participants were even more accurate (showing outer-crowd wisdom). In Experiment 2, prior to beginning the critical trials, participants did 12 practice trials with feedback, which greatly increased their accuracy. There was a benefit of outer-crowd wisdom relative to a single estimate. There was no inner-crowd wisdom effect, however; with high accuracy came highly restricted variance, and aggregating insufficiently varying responses is not beneficial. Our data suggest that experts give almost the same answer every time they are asked and so they should consult the outer crowd rather than solicit multiple estimates from themselves.

Mediofrontal Negativities to Averted Gains and Losses in the Slot-Machine Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franc C.L. Donkers ◽  
Geert J.M. van Boxtel
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Gains And Losses

Abstract: In a previous study we addressed the question whether a feedback-related negativity (FRN) can be elicited by outcomes that are not contingent on any preceding choice or action ( Donkers, Nieuwenhuis, & Van Boxtel, 2005 ). Participants took part in a simple slot-machine task in which they experienced monetary gains and losses in the absence of responses. In addition, they performed a time estimation task often used to study the FRN, and a flanker task known to elicit the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN). Outcomes in the slot-machine task elicited a mediofrontal negativity whose amplitude correlated with the amplitude of the FRN associated with negative feedback in the time estimation task. However, the mediofrontal negativity was observed both for (unfavorable) outcomes that averted a gain and for (favorable) outcomes that averted a loss of money, a finding that is inconsistent with previous FRN research. In the present study we examined the similarity between the mediofrontal negativity observed in the slot-machine task and the frequency-sensitive N2. We manipulated the overall frequency of obtaining gains and losses in the slot-machine task and compared the negativities on averted gains and losses across the different trial probabilities. The results showed that larger feedback-related negativities were elicited by unexpected unfavorable outcomes than by expected unfavorable outcomes.

Are There Gender Differences in Executive Functions in Musicians and Non-Musicians?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jansen ◽  
Sabine Hoja ◽  
Leonardo Jost
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Cognitive Processing Speed ◽  
Back Task

Abstract. Until now, better performance in executive functions (EF) in musicians compared to non-musicians has not been investigated in relation to possible gender differences. For that, it is the main goal of this study to investigate possible gender differences in executive functions. Sixty-three musicians and 64 non-musicians, 63 men and 64 women respectively, completed tests of (a) cognitive processing speed (ZVT), (b) working memory (2-Back Task), (c) inhibition (Flanker Task), and (d) cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST). Results showed a significantly better performance for the target accuracy in the working memory task for musicians compared to non-musicians but not in the other tasks of executive functions. Furthermore, women demonstrated a better performance than men for the target accuracy in the 2-Back Task. However, only cognitive processing speed predicted working memory performance but not the group affiliation or gender. This study revealed that gender differences in executive functions are less likely to appear also in a trained sub-group.

scholarly journals The psychophysics of number arise from resource-limited spatial memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Cheyette ◽  
Shengyi Wu ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Scalar Variability

People can identify the number of objects in small sets rapidly and without error but become increasingly noisy for larger sets. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying these ubiquitous psychophysics are poorly understood. We present a model of a limited-capacity visual system optimized to individuate and remember the location of objects in a scene which gives rise to all key aspects of number psychophysics, including error-free small number perception and scalar variability for larger numbers. We therefore propose that number psychophysics can be understood as an emergent property of primitive perceptual mechanisms --- namely, the process of identifying and representing individual objects in a scene. To test our theory, we ran two experiments: a change-localization task to measure participants' memory for the locations of objects (Experiment 1) and a numerical estimation task (Experiment 2). Our model accounts well for participants' performance in both experiments, despite only being optimized to efficiently encode where objects are present in a scene. Our results demonstrate that the key psychophysical features of numerical cognition do not arise from separate modules or capacities specific to number, but rather from lower-level constraints on perception which are manifested even in non-numerical tasks.

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