When Private Reporting Is More Positive Than Public Reporting

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
Garrett L. Strosser ◽  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Robert Lawson ◽  
Ashley N. Reid ◽  
Alex W. Vittum-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Pluralistic Ignorance ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Across three studies, we assessed the impact of perceived social norms on attitudes and positive behavioral intentions towards atheists and religious believers. Reported attitudes, reported acceptability of expressing positive and negative attitudes, and reported positive behavioral intentions disproportionately favored religious believers over atheists. However, participants reported a higher likelihood of engaging in positive behaviors towards atheists when the threat of public scrutiny was limited, indicating that the social norm in the US may be suppressing privately held, positive behavioral intentions that would otherwise support atheists, creating a state of pluralistic ignorance. Individuals also reported having more positive attitudes and a higher level of positive behavioral intentions towards religious believers relative to others. Finally, estimates of the prevalence of religious believers in the population also tied directly to one’s perception of the acceptability of expressing positive and negative attitudes towards these groups.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

Using the Health Belief Model to Explore the Impact of Environmental Empathy on Behavioral Intentions to Protect Ocean Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 001391652093263
Author(s):  
Sojung Claire Kim ◽  
Sandra L. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Health Belief Model ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
The Media ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Health Belief Model

We examine psychological mediating mechanisms to promote ocean health among the U.S. public. Ocean acidification (OA) was chosen as the focus, as experts consider it as important as climate change with the same cause of humanity’s excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but it is lesser known. Empathy is a multi-dimensional concept that includes cognitive and emotional aspects. Previous literature argues that environmental empathy can facilitate positive behaviors. We tested the hypothesis that empathy affects beliefs and behavioral intentions regarding ocean health using the Health Belief Model. We found that higher empathy toward ocean health led to higher perceived susceptibility and severity from OA, greater perceived benefits of CO2 emissions reduction, greater perceived barriers, and keener attention to the media. Beliefs and media attention positively influenced behavioral intentions (e.g., willingness to buy a fuel efficient car). Theoretical and practical implications regarding audience targeting and intervention design are discussed.

scholarly journals A comparison of attitudes towards stuttering of non-stuttering preschoolers in the United States and Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Weidner ◽  
Kenneth O. St. Louis ◽  
Egemen Nakisci ◽  
Ramazan S. Ozdemir
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Opinion Survey ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Turkish Children ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short Video ◽  
Children First ◽  
Human Attributes

Background and objectives: Extensive research documents ubiquitous negative attitudes towards stuttering, but when and how they develop is unclear. This non-experimental, comparative study examined US and Turkish preschoolers to explore the origin of stuttering attitudes cross-culturally.Method: The authors compared stuttering attitudes of 28 US and 31 Turkish non-stuttering preschoolers on English and Turkish versions of experimental prototypes of the newly developed Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child (POSHA–S/Child). Children first watched a short video of two stuttering avatar characters and then answered oral questions about stuttering. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire. Differences in the US and Turkish POSHA–S/Child means were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test.Results: Attitudes of the US and Turkish children were remarkably similar. Children rated most of the items negatively but also rated some items as neutral or positive. They held relatively more negative attitudes towards traits and personalities of children who stutter yet relatively more positive attitudes towards stuttering children’s potential.Conclusion: Stuttering attitudes in children appear to be partly independent of culture.

scholarly journals Actitudes del profesorado de secundaria hacia estudiantes con diagnóstico de trastorno mental en colegios de la provincia de Concepción y Diguillín: Un estudio cualitativo

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Cecilia Cariaga Balboa ◽  
Pamela Grandon Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Middle School Teachers ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Teachers Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Las actitudes de los profesores hacia estudiantes con diagnóstico de trastorno mental han sido escasamente exploradas en Chile y Latinoamérica, a pesar de su importancia por el impacto que tienen en el proceso de aprendizaje de los alumnos. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo describir las actitudes de los profesores de secundaria hacia estudiantes que presentan un diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Esta investigación empleó una metodología cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico. Se utilizó análisis de contenido y temático para analizar los corpus. La muestra se obtuvo por conveniencia y correspondió a 30 profesores de enseñanza secundaria procedentes de colegios de diferente dependencia administrativa (municipal, subvencionado y particular). Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas, por saturación teórica. Los resultados muestran que los profesores de enseñanza secundaria manifiestan actitudes contradictorias, positivas y negativas, hacia sus estudiantes con trastorno mental (TM). Las actitudes negativas tienen que ver con el temor y peligrosidad mientras que las actitudes positivas están relacionadas con el apoyo y expectativas favorables de éxito. Las actitudes negativas son comparables con las que mantiene la población en general, mientras que las actitudes positivas y las expectativas favorables de éxito hacia sus estudiantes podrían explicarse por el impacto de la educación inclusiva en los colegios y la teoría del contacto. Estos resultados deberían servir para guiar a los establecimientos educacionales en la mejora de las actitudes de los docentes hacia estudiantes con TM. Teachers' attitudes towards students with a diagnosis of mental disorder have been little explored in Chile and Latin America, despite their importance due to the impact they have on the learning process of students. The present study aimed to describe the attitudes of secondary school teachers towards students who present a diagnosis of mental disorder. This research used a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach. Content and thematic analysis was used to analyze the corpus. The sample was obtained for convenience and corresponded to 30 middle school teachers average coming from schools of different administrative dependency (municipal, subsidized and private). Semi-structured interviews were carried out, due to theoretical saturation. The results show that middle school teachers show contradictory, positive and negative attitudes towards their students with mental disorder (TM). Negative attitudes have to do with fear and dangerousness while positive attitudes are related to support and favorable expectations of success. Negative attitudes are comparable to those held by the general population, while positive attitudes and favorable expectations of success towards their students could be explained by the impact of inclusive education in schools and the theory of contact. These results should serve to guide educational establishments in improving teachers' attitudes towards students with TM.

scholarly journals Pursue today and assess tomorrow - how students’ subjective perceptions influence their preference for self- and peer assessments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meskuere Capan Melser ◽  
Stefan Lettner ◽  
Andjela Bäwert ◽  
Claudia Puttinger ◽  
Anita Holzinger
Keyword(s):  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Passive Learning ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Alternative assessments engage students in the assessment process to improve both short- and long-term outcomes by developing their judgments and responsibility about their own learning, and that of their peers. In this study, we investigated students’ perception towards self- and peer-assessment, their objectivity and impact on students’ learning. Methods The study was conducted at the Medical University of Vienna. Attitudes of second year undergraduate medical students towards self- and peer-assessment, and their objectivity, appropriateness, and the impact of these assessments on students’ learning activities, was inquired using a self-developed questionnaire. Results 423 students participated in this study. Self-assessment was found more appropriate method to assess students’ knowledge. Most of students agreed that peer-assessment is not objective (M= -0.07). Majority of students evaluated that peer assessment has no or little impact on their active and passive learning (M= -0.23, -0.35), on the other hand self-assessment was reported as a helpful tool for gaining long-term knowledge (M= 0.13) and following the content of courses (M= 0.16). Conclusion Based on our results, students’ perspective on peer assessment were negative, on the whole, students had positive attitudes towards self-assessment and negative attitudes towards peer-assessment. This study also determined that self-assessment leads to the promotion of students’ learning.

Reaffirming trust in social enterprise in the COVID-19 era: Ways forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1, Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Michael Snowden ◽  
Roopinder Oberoi ◽  
Jamie P. Halsall
Keyword(s):  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has overwhelmed and stretched existing healthcare infrastructure in both developed and developing economies and pushed governmental response mechanisms to the brink. Globally, governments elicited the call for corporate support, asking social entrepreneurs and social business ventures to organise efforts to build voluntary support for the large-scale response needed during the sudden lockdown disruptions. By April 2020, 26.5 million jobs were lost in the US alone (Lambert, 2020), global stocks plummeted at least 25% and gross domestic product (GDP) contracted significantly for all countries. With reduced domestic demand for non-food goods, reduced foreign demand for US goods exports, supply-chain disruptions, and plant closures, the manufacturing sector saw a huge decline (Reinicke, 2020). Governments all over the world announced massive stimulus packages. The US has approved $2 trillion financial support to combat the economic downturn so far (Emma & Scholtes, 2020) and EU finance ministers have recently approved €500 billion in stimulus measures (Riley, 2020). It is estimated that the global economy will grow at -3 percent in 2020. This article sheds light on the role of social enterprises in addressing the societal problems caused by COVID-19. The authors highlight the efforts of virtual and collaborative associations who seek to swiftly recognise issues and develop solutions, which create social value and alleviate the plights of suffering communities. This article sheds light on the role of social enterprises in addressing the societal problems caused by COVID-19. The authors highlight the efforts of virtual and collaborative associations who seek to swiftly recognise issues and develop solutions, which create social value and alleviate the plights of suffering communities. The authors place emphasis upon the role of the social entrepreneur in developing a way forward in these challenging times and present a contemporary conceptualisation of the social entrepreneur in the form of an “avatar” and the impact that this may have on social enterprise.

Local Crime Environment and Corporate Financial Misconduct Using Benford’s Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Golden
Keyword(s):  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Environmental Criminology ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Financial Misconduct ◽  
High Crime ◽  
The Impact

This study analyzes the impact of the local crime environment on the likelihood of a firm engaging in financial misconduct. Using the Benford Score metric, which assesses the extent to which a firm’s financial statement number distribution diverges from a theoretical distribution, I find that firms headquartered in high crime areas are associated with greater financial misconduct. The link is more pronounced in firms that offer more stock-based executive compensation to their executives or practice weak corporate governance, and change in the crime rate is associated with change in the firm’s financial misconduct. My results support the social norm, social learning, and environmental criminology theories, as well as the fraud triangle, and are robust to a number of alternative specifications and approaches. The evidence implies that a firm’s environment influences the level of corporate financial misconduct.

Ursachen für die Entstehung antidemokratischer Haltungen. Ausgewählte quantitative Ergebnisse

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 679-699
Author(s):  
Heinz Stapf-Finé
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Social Question ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
Middle Class People

Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Politikverdrossenheit und des aufkommenden Rechtspopulismus werden mögliche Ursachen der Entstehung antidemokratischer Haltungen überprüft. Vorgestellt werden quantitative Befunde einer empirischen Überprüfung im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts im Berliner Bezirk Marzahn-Hellersdorf. Hinsichtlich soziodemografischer Daten entsprechen die Befunde den Erwartungen: Menschen, die der Demokratie distanziert gegenüberstehen, haben häufiger Erfahrungen mit Arbeitslosigkeit im Vergleich mit Zufriedenen. Gleichgültigkeit und Distanz gegenüber der Demokratie ist eher bei Menschen mit niedrigen Bildungsabschlüssen zu finden. Bei Gutverdienern und der Mittelschicht überwiegen eindeutig positive Grundhaltungen gegenüber der Demokratie, bei Geringverdienern halten sich positive und negative Haltungen nur noch die Waage. Insofern muss die soziale Frage in der politischen Debatte wieder auf die Tagesordnung. Überraschend sind die Befunde hinsichtlich autoritärer Haltungen und menschenfeindlicher Einstellungen: es sind nicht die Demokratie-Distanzierten, sondern eher die Unpolitischen, welche solche Haltungen an den Tag legen. Daraus ergeben sich wichtige (sozial-)politische Befunde für die Praxis und die politische Bildung. Abstract: Causes for the Development of Antidemocratic Attitudes. Selected Quantitative Findings On the background of increasing disenchantment in politics and increasing right wing populism possible causes for antidemocratic attitudes are examined. In the paper quantitative findings of an empirical research project in the Berlin district of Marzahn-Hellersdorf are presented regarding the causes of such attitudes. Concerning socio-demographical factors the results correspond with the expectations. People that are distant towards democracy have more experiences with unemployment as compared with people that are satisfied with democracy. Indifference or distance towards democracy can more often be found among people with a lower educational level. Among higher earners and middle-class people positive attitudes towards democracy prevail. Poor earners are split in positive and negative attitudes towards democracy. These findings underline the neeed that the social question must get more importance in political discussions. Surprising were the findings concerning authoritarian and inhumane (racist) attitudes: it is less the democracy distant and to a much bigger extent the unpolitical people that are prone to such attitudes. This implies important findings for practical (social) politics and for civic education.

Effects of Web Interactivity: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Fuyuan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Information Recall ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Cognitive Elaboration ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Perceived Interactivity ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Message Interactivity ◽  
The Impact

Over the last few years, significant research has been conducted to examine the impact of web interactivity. However, mixed results have been found regarding why and how web interactivity could affect users’ attitudes and other psychological responses. This meta-analysis reviewed prior research that examined the extent to which web interactivity could affect various psychological outcomes and how such effects would differ due to several moderating variables. Our analysis of the results in 63 studies ( N = 13,484) suggested that across studies, web interactivity was significantly correlated with user enjoyment, positive attitudes, and desirable behavioral intentions. However, interactivity did not necessarily increase cognitive elaboration, knowledge acquisition, and information recall. While modality interactivity appeared to be more effective than source interactivity and message interactivity, perceived interactivity was significantly more effective than objective interactivity. Furthermore, extremely high levels of web interactivity were not as effective as have been anticipated.

scholarly journals Reducing Public Health Risk During Disasters: Identifying Social Vulnerabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wolkin ◽  
Jennifer Rees Patterson ◽  
Shelly Harris ◽  
Elena Soler ◽  
Sherry Burrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Social Vulnerabilities ◽  
The Impact

Abstract All regions of the US experience disasters which result in a number of negative public health consequences. Some populations have higher levels of social vulnerability and, thus, are more likely to experience negative impacts of disasters including emotional distress, loss of property, illness, and death. To mitigate the impact of disasters on at-risk populations, emergency managers must be aware of the social vulnerabilities within their community. This paper describes a qualitative study which aimed to understand how emergency managers identify social vulnerabilities, also referred to as at-risk populations, in their populations and barriers and facilitators to current approaches. Findings suggest that although public health tools have been developed to aid emergency managers in identifying at-risk populations, they are not being used consistently. Emergency managers requested more information on the availability of tools as well as guidance on how to increase ability to identify at-risk populations.

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