A comparison of attitudes towards stuttering of non-stuttering preschoolers in the United States and Turkey

Background and objectives: Extensive research documents ubiquitous negative attitudes towards stuttering, but when and how they develop is unclear. This non-experimental, comparative study examined US and Turkish preschoolers to explore the origin of stuttering attitudes cross-culturally.Method: The authors compared stuttering attitudes of 28 US and 31 Turkish non-stuttering preschoolers on English and Turkish versions of experimental prototypes of the newly developed Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child (POSHA–S/Child). Children first watched a short video of two stuttering avatar characters and then answered oral questions about stuttering. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire. Differences in the US and Turkish POSHA–S/Child means were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test.Results: Attitudes of the US and Turkish children were remarkably similar. Children rated most of the items negatively but also rated some items as neutral or positive. They held relatively more negative attitudes towards traits and personalities of children who stutter yet relatively more positive attitudes towards stuttering children’s potential.Conclusion: Stuttering attitudes in children appear to be partly independent of culture.

Download Full-text

Protecting America’s borders: Christian nationalism, threat, and attitudes toward immigrants in the United States

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations ◽

10.1177/1368430220978291 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136843022097829

Author(s):

Rosemary L. Al-Kire ◽

Michael H. Pasek ◽

Jo-Ann Tsang ◽

Joseph Leman ◽

Wade C. Rowatt

Keyword(s):

Political Ideology ◽

The United States ◽

Political Orientation ◽

Religious Fundamentalism ◽

Immigration Policies ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽

The Us ◽

Immigrant Policies ◽

Christian Nationalism

Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policies are divisive issues in American politics. These attitudes are influenced by factors such as political orientation and religiousness, with religious and conservative individuals demonstrating higher prejudice toward immigrants and refugees, and endorsing stricter immigration policies. Christian nationalism, an ideology marked by the belief that America is a Christian nation, may help explain how religious nationalist identity influences negative attitudes toward immigrants. The current research addresses this through four studies among participants in the US. Across studies, our results showed that Christian nationalism was a significant and consistent predictor of anti-immigrant stereotypes, prejudice, dehumanization, and support for anti-immigrant policies. These effects were robust to inclusion of other sources of anti-immigrant attitudes, including religious fundamentalism, nationalism, and political ideology. Further, perceived threats from immigrants mediated the relationship between Christian nationalism and dehumanization of immigrants, and attitudes toward immigration policies. These findings have implications for our understanding of the relations between religious nationalism and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in the US, as well as in other contexts.

Download Full-text

Antidiscrimination Interventions, Political Ads on Transgender Rights, and Public Opinion: Results From Two Survey Experiments on Adults in the United States

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729322 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew R. Flores ◽

Donald P. Haider-Markel ◽

Daniel C. Lewis ◽

Patrick R. Miller ◽

Jami K. Taylor

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Attitude Change ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Transgender People ◽

Political Advertisements ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

Political Ads

Political advertisements can shift attitudes and behaviors to become more exclusionary toward social out-groups. However, people who engage in an antidiscrimination exercise in the context of an experiment may respond differently to such ads. What interventions might foster inclusive attitudes in the presence of political communications about social policy issues like transgender rights? We examined two scalable antidiscrimination exercises commonly used in applied settings: describing a personal narrative of discrimination and perspective-taking. We then showed people political ads that are favorable or opposed to transgender rights to determine whether those interventions moderate how receptive people are to the messages. Relying on two demographically representative survey experiments of adults in the United States (study 1 N = 1,291; study 2 N = 1,587), we found that personal recollections of discriminatory experiences did not reduce exclusionary attitudes, but perspective-taking had some effects, particularly among those who fully complied with the exercise. However, both studies revealed potential backfire effects; recalling a discriminatory experience induced negative attitudes among a subset of the participants, and participants who refused to perspective-take when prompted also held more negative attitudes. Importantly, political ads favorable toward transgender rights consistently resulted in more positive attitudes toward transgender people. Future work needs to carefully examine heterogeneous responses and resistance to antidiscrimination interventions and examine what particular aspects of the political ads induced the attitude change.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the elderlies’s attitudes towards young people Yaşlı bireylerin gençlere yönelik tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v13i2.3198 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 2682 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seda Kıpçak ◽

Özden Dedeli

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Young People ◽

Nursing Homes ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Demographic Questionnaire ◽

The Mean

The purpose of this study was to assess the elderlies who stay in nursing home’ attitudes towards young people. This study which is descriptive and cross sectional was conducted with 134 elderlies living in three nursing homes in Manisa (n=134). The data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and Attitude Scale Towards Young People (ASTYP). Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Spearman’ s rho correlation analysis were used in statistical analysis. The mean age of elderlies were 74.0±6.7 (66-95) years, 69.4% were male. The elderlies’ mean scores of ASTYP were found 167.7 ± 12.7 (118.0-211.0). The results of this study show that the elderlies, staying in nursing homes, have a negative attitudes towards young people. But; the elderlies, having more children and grandchildren than another and divorced or widowed, have more positive attitudes towards young people. ÖzetBu çalışmada amaç, huzurevinde kalan yaşlı bireylerin gençlere yönelik tutumlarının değerlendirilmesidir. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipteki araştırma, Manisa ili sınırları içerisinde üç huzurevinde yaşayan 134 yaşlı birey ile yürütüldü (n=134). Araştırmada veriler, araştırmacı tarafından sosyodemografik bilgiler soru formu ve Gençlere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği (GYTÖ)’i kullanılarak toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U ve Spearman’s rho korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan yaşlı bireylerin yaş ortalaması 74.0±6.7 yıl (66-95) olup büyük çoğunluğu (%69.4) erkekti. Yaşlı bireylerin GYTÖ’ den almış oldukları toplam puan ortalaması 167.7±12.7 (118.0-211.0)’ dir. Araştırma sonucunda, huzurevinde kalan yaşlı bireylerin gençlere yönelik olumsuz tutumlara sahip olduğu bulundu. Yaşlı bireylerin genel tutumları olumsuz olmasına rağmen çocuk ve torun sayısı fazla olan ve eşi ölmüş ya da boşanmış olan yaşlı bireylerin gençlere yönelik tutumları olumlu yöndeydi.

Download Full-text

Code-switching attitudes and their effects on acceptability judgment tasks

Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism ◽

10.1075/lab.16006.bad ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 5-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Lucia Badiola ◽

Rodrigo Delgado ◽

Ariane Sande ◽

Sara Stefanich

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

The United States ◽

Code Switching ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Bilingual Speakers ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Acceptability Judgment

Abstract The present study examines the effects of code-switching (CS) attitudes in Acceptability Judgment Tasks (AJTs) among early Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States. In doing so, we explore whether negative attitudes towards CS result in lower/degraded ratings, and, likewise, whether positive attitudes result in higher acceptability ratings. Fifty Spanish/English bilinguals completed a survey that comprised a linguistic background questionnaire and a set of monolingual and code-switched sentences featuring two sets of stimuli, pro-drop (Sande, 2015) and pronouns (Koronkiewicz, 2014), that they rated on a 1–7 Likert scale; additionally, the survey included a final component that gathered information about the speakers’ attitudes towards CS. The pro-drop and pronouns code-switched stimuli gave rise to a total of four conditions. Results from a Linear Mixed Model revealed that all participants, regardless of attitude, distinguished between all Conditions. Furthermore, an effect for attitude was found for two of the conditions, such that the more positive the attitude, the higher the rating given on the AJT. In fact, these two conditions were composed of the CS structures that were rated higher by participants in Sande (2015) and Koronkiewicz (2014). No effect for attitude was found for CS structures that were rated low in the original studies. Thus, this investigation suggests that the attitudes that bilingual speakers have towards CS play a role in the ratings that they provide in AJTs, but in a manner that highlights, rather than obscures, the rule-governed nature of CS.

Download Full-text

When Private Reporting Is More Positive Than Public Reporting

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000267 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 150-162

Author(s):

Garrett L. Strosser ◽

Peter K. Jonason ◽

Robert Lawson ◽

Ashley N. Reid ◽

Alex W. Vittum-Jones

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Social Norm ◽

Pluralistic Ignorance ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

The Social ◽

The Us ◽

Public Scrutiny ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Across three studies, we assessed the impact of perceived social norms on attitudes and positive behavioral intentions towards atheists and religious believers. Reported attitudes, reported acceptability of expressing positive and negative attitudes, and reported positive behavioral intentions disproportionately favored religious believers over atheists. However, participants reported a higher likelihood of engaging in positive behaviors towards atheists when the threat of public scrutiny was limited, indicating that the social norm in the US may be suppressing privately held, positive behavioral intentions that would otherwise support atheists, creating a state of pluralistic ignorance. Individuals also reported having more positive attitudes and a higher level of positive behavioral intentions towards religious believers relative to others. Finally, estimates of the prevalence of religious believers in the population also tied directly to one’s perception of the acceptability of expressing positive and negative attitudes towards these groups.

Download Full-text

Collegiate coach attitudes towards lesbians and gay men

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954120977130 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 174795412097713

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Mullin ◽

Sarah Cook

Keyword(s):

Gay Men ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Division I ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Lesbian And Gay ◽

Gay Male ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Demographic Questionnaire

The purpose of the current study was to examine attitudes towards lesbians and gay men among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III coaches. Coaches ( N = 290) from NCAA Division I (21%), II (22%), and III (56%) member institutions representing 31 different sports completed the Attitudes towards Lesbians and Gay Men scale and a demographic questionnaire. Overall, coaches reported generally positive attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. No significant gender x division interaction was found with respect towards attitudes towards lesbians and gay men, Pillai’s Trace = .023, F(4, 494) = 1.419, p = .227, ηp 2 = .011. Male coaches reported significantly more negative attitudes than female coaches, Pillai’s Trace = .046, F(2, 247) = 5.92, p = .003, ηp 2 = .046. When examining differences in age, older coaches (50 and older) reported significantly more negative attitudes than 30-39 and 40-49-year-old coaches ( ps < .05). These findings add to the limited understanding of coach attitudes towards individuals who identify as lesbian or gay men. An understanding of attitudes provides the basis for positive change that can be translated into more inclusive behaviors to provide a better experience for lesbian and gay male athletes.

Download Full-text

Parents’ reactions to unhealthy food v. pro-health sponsorship options for children’s sport: an experimental study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019003318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 727-737

Author(s):

Maree Scully ◽

Melanie Wakefield ◽

Simone Pettigrew ◽

Bridget Kelly ◽

Helen Dixon

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Unhealthy Food ◽

Public Health Nutrition ◽

Public Health Campaign ◽

Health Campaign ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Sport Sponsorship ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Short Video ◽

Branded Product

AbstractObjective:To explore parents’ responses to sponsorship of children’s sport by unhealthy food brands and two alternative pro-health sponsorship options.Design:Between-subjects online experiment with four sponsorship conditions: (i) non-food branding (control); (ii) unhealthy food branding; (iii) healthier food branding; (iv) public health nutrition campaign branding. Participants were shown a short video and a promotional flyer for a fictional junior sports programme, with sponsor content representing their assigned brand. Afterwards, participants were asked a series of questions assessing their brand awareness, brand attitudes and preference for food sponsor branded products.Setting:Australia.Participants:Australian parents (n 1331) of children aged 6–9 years.Results:Compared with the control condition, unhealthy food sponsorship promoted increased awareness, branded product preferences and favourable attitudes towards unhealthy food sponsor brands. Healthier food sponsorship promoted similar effects for healthier food sponsor brands, except there was no significant increase in positive attitudes towards these brands. Sponsorship by public health nutrition campaigns promoted more negative attitudes towards unhealthy food sponsor brands and increased preference for healthier food sponsor branded products. Overall, healthier food sponsors and public health campaign sponsors were perceived to have better programme–sponsor fit and to be more appropriate sponsors of children’s sport than unhealthy food sponsors.Conclusions:Restrictions on unhealthy food sponsorship of children’s sport are needed to prevent unhealthy food brands from exploiting junior sport sponsorship to enhance their appeal. Sponsorship of children’s sport by healthier food brands or public health nutrition campaigns could help promote healthier food choices among parents.

Download Full-text

Comparing and Predicting Public Attitudes Toward Stuttering, Obesity, and Mental Illness

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 2023-2038

Author(s):

Kenneth O. St. Louis

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Stepwise Regression ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Opinion Survey ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

The Public ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Left Handedness ◽

Human Attributes

Purpose Extensive research on public attitudes has documented stigma toward stuttering, obesity, and mental illness; however, most studies have focused on only one of these conditions. This study sought to compare public attitudes toward stuttering, obesity, and mental illness as well as to identify the predictive potential of four ratings relating to these and other neutral or desirable conditions. Method Five hundred respondents who were selected from each of three international databases filled out the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes (POSHA) for stuttering, obesity, or mental illness. The POSHA surveys were as similar as possible, and all contained four general items asking respondents' “impression” of the attribute, extent to which he or she “wants to be/have” that attribute, “amount known” about the attribute, and “persons known” who manifest the attribute, for stuttering, obesity, and mental illness plus two others, namely, left-handedness and intelligence. The POSHA surveys also had the same summary scores, Beliefs, Self-Reactions, and an Overall Score. Results Summary scores for the three POSHA surveys in the 500-respondent samples revealed negative attitudes toward all three conditions, the most positive being toward obesity, followed by stuttering and then by mental illness. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that various general items had significant prediction potential not only of attitudes for the same condition but also of attitudes for other conditions. The greatest other condition predictions were between stuttering and mental illness. Conclusions Stuttering is regarded as less stigmatizing than mental illness but more stigmatizing than obesity. Additionally, positivity toward one condition results in limited positivity toward the others. Impressions and knowledge of—as well as experience with—stigmatized conditions can inform public awareness campaigns and individual clinical programs dealing with stigma. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12860939

Download Full-text

A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Study of Attitudes toward Spanish as a Heritage Language in Florida

Languages ◽

10.3390/languages6010038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Ethan Kutlu ◽

Ruth Kircher

Keyword(s):

Heritage Language ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

Future Research ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Twitter Data ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

The Us ◽

The Status ◽

Twitter Users

Spanish speakers constitute the largest heritage language community in the US. The state of Florida is unusual in that, on one hand, it has one of the highest foreign-born resident rates in the country, most of whom originate from Latin America—but on the other hand, Florida has a comparatively low Spanish language vitality. In this exploratory study of attitudes toward Spanish as a heritage language in Florida, we analyzed two corpora (one English: 5,405,947 words, and one Spanish: 525,425 words) consisting of recent Twitter data. We examined frequencies, collocations, concordance lines, and larger text segments. The results indicate predominantly negative attitudes toward Spanish on the status dimension, but predominantly positive attitudes on the solidarity dimension. Despite the latter, transmission and use of Spanish were found to be affected by pressure to assimilate, and fear of negative societal repercussions. We also found Spanish to be used less frequently than English to tweet about attitudes; instead, Spanish was frequently used to attract Twitter users’ attention to specific links in the language. We discuss the implications of our findings (should they generalize) for the future of Spanish in Florida, and we provide directions for future research.

Download Full-text

Love the Science, Hate the Scientists: Conservative Identity Protects Belief in Science and Undermines Trust in Scientists

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soz156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 305-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcus Mann ◽

Cyrus Schleifer

Keyword(s):

Scientific Community ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Scientific Research ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Social Survey ◽

Scientific Authority ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Cultural Differentiation ◽

Scientific Institutions

Abstract The decline in trust in the scientific community in the United States among political conservatives has been well established. But this observation is complicated by remarkably positive and stable attitudes toward scientific research itself. What explains the persistence of positive belief in science in the midst of such dramatic change? By leveraging research on the performativity of conservative identity, we argue that conservative scientific institutions have manufactured a scientific cultural repertoire that enables participation in this highly valued epistemological space while undermining scientific authority perceived as politically biased. We test our hypothesized link between conservative identity and scientific perceptions using panel data from the General Social Survey. We find that those with stable conservative identities hold more positive attitudes toward scientific research while simultaneously holding more negative attitudes towards the scientific community compared to those who switch to and from conservative political identities. These findings support a theory of a conservative scientific repertoire that is learned over time and that helps orient political conservatives in scientific debates that have political repercussions. Implications of these findings are discussed for researchers interested in the cultural differentiation of scientific authority and for stakeholders in scientific communication and its public policy.

Download Full-text