Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender.

This chapter illustrates the diverse social identities that are developed in racial-ethnic, identity-based campus organizations. Students listed race-ethnicity as the focus of their initial attraction to these organizations. However, they came to embed themselves in these organizations because the organizations also developed other aspects of their identities, such as their professional, political, and academic identities. This chapter also highlights students who explicitly sought to embed themselves in organizations and clubs that were not connected with their racial-ethnic identity. In doing so, this chapter takes a critical look at extracurricular activities in relation to experiences of race-ethnicity at college and examines the role they serve in minority students' self-exploration.

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Race/Ethnicity and Multicultural Competence Among Counselor Trainees: Training, Racial/Ethnic Identity

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e652072012-001 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Ruth Chu-Lien Chao ◽

Dayna Northart ◽

Ben Berger ◽

Deepta Dasgupta ◽

Canzi Wang

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Multicultural Competence ◽

Counselor Trainees ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Dimensions of Racial Identity and Perceived Discrimination in Health Care

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.26.4.501 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 501 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Irena Stepanikova ◽

Gabriela R. Oates

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Ethnic Identity ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Native American ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Perceived Discrimination ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Objective: Perceived discrimination is an important risk factor for minority health. Drawing from the scholarship on multidimensionality of race, this study examines the relationships between perceived discrimination in health care and two dimensions of racial identity: self-identified race/ethnicity and perceived attributed race/ ethnicity (respondents’ perceptions of how they are racially classified by others).Methods: We used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data collected in 2004- 2013 and we specifically examined the data on perceived racial discrimination in health care during the past 12 months, perceived attributed race/ethnicity, and self-identified race/ethnicity.Results: In models adjusting for sociodemographic and other factors, both dimensions of racial/ethnic identity contributed independently to perceived discrimination in health care. After controlling for self-identified race/ethnicity, respondents who reported being classified as Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American had higher likelihood of perceived discrimination than respondents who reported being classified as White. Similarly, after taking perceived attributed race/ethnicity into account, self-identified Blacks, Native Americans, and multiracial respondents were more likely to report perceived discrimination than counterparts who self-identified as White. The model using only perceived attributed race/ ethnicity to predict perceived discrimination showed a superior fit with the data than the model using only self-identified race/ ethnicity.Conclusion: Perceived attributed race/ ethnicity captures an aspect of racial/ethnic identity that is correlated, but not interchangeable, with self-identified race/ethnicity and contributes uniquely to perceived discrimination in health care. Applying the concept of multidimensionality of race/ ethnicity to health disparities research may reveal understudied mechanisms linking race/ethnicity to health risks.Ethn Dis. 2016;26(4):501-512; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.501

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Does purpose in life or ethnic identity moderate the association for racial discrimination and suicide ideation in racial/ethnic minority emerging adults?

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology ◽

10.1037/cdp0000245 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Judy H. Hong ◽

David C. Talavera ◽

Mary O. Odafe ◽

Christopher D. Barr ◽

Rheeda L. Walker

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Suicide Ideation ◽

Purpose In Life ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in patients undergoing left atrial appendage closure

Heart ◽

10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318650 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. heartjnl-2020-318650

Author(s):

Robbie Sparrow ◽

Shubrandu Sanjoy ◽

Yun-Hee Choi ◽

Islam Y Elgendy ◽

Hani Jneid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Left Atrial Appendage ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Complication Rates ◽

Left Atrial Appendage Closure ◽

Black Patients ◽

Comorbidity Burden ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Major Adverse Events

ObjectiveThis manuscript aims to explore the impact of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on in-hospital complication rates after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).MethodsThe US National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalisations for LAAC between 1 October 2015 to 31 December 2018. These patients were stratified by race/ethnicity and quartiles of median neighbourhood income. The primary outcome was the occurrence of in-hospital major adverse events, defined as a composite of postprocedural bleeding, cardiac and vascular complications, acute kidney injury and ischaemic stroke.ResultsOf 6478 unweighted hospitalisations for LAAC, 58% were male and patients of black, Hispanic and ‘other’ race/ethnicity each comprised approximately 5% of the cohort. Adjusted by the older Americans population, the estimated number of LAAC procedures was 69.2/100 000 for white individuals, as compared with 29.5/100 000 for blacks, 47.2/100 000 for Hispanics and 40.7/100 000 for individuals of ‘other’ race/ethnicity. Black patients were ~5 years younger but had a higher comorbidity burden. The primary outcome occurred in 5% of patients and differed significantly between racial/ethnic groups (p<0.001) but not across neighbourhood income quartiles (p=0.88). After multilevel modelling, the overall rate of in-hospital major adverse events was higher in black patients as compared with whites (OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.10, p<0.001); however, the incidence of acute kidney injury was higher in Hispanics (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.17, p<0.001). No significant differences were found in adjusted overall in-hospital complication rates between income quartiles.ConclusionIn this study assessing racial/ethnic disparities in patients undergoing LAAC, minorities are under-represented, specifically patients of black race/ethnicity. Compared with whites, black patients had higher comorbidity burden and higher rates of in-hospital complications. Lower socioeconomic status was not associated with complication rates.

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Racial Disparities in Virologic Failure and Tolerability During Firstline HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priya Bhagwat ◽

Shashi N Kapadia ◽

Heather J Ribaudo ◽

Roy M Gulick ◽

Judith S Currier

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Virologic Failure ◽

Virologic Suppression ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Impact ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV outcomes have persisted despite effective antiretroviral therapy. In a study of initial regimens, we found viral suppression varied by race/ethnicity. In this exploratory analysis, we use clinical and socioeconomic data to assess factors associated with virologic failure and adverse events within racial/ethnic groups. Methods Data were from AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5257, a randomized trial of initial regimens with either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir (each combined with tenofovir DF and emtricitabine). We grouped participants by race/ethnicity and then used Cox-proportional hazards regression to examine the impact of demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors on the time to virologic suppression and time to adverse event reporting within each racial/ethnic group. Results We analyzed data from 1762 participants: 757 self-reported as non-Hispanic black (NHB), 615 as non-Hispanic white (NHW), and 390 as Hispanic. The proportion with virologic failure was higher for NHB (22%) and Hispanic (17%) participants compared with NHWs (9%). Factors associated with virologic failure were poor adherence and higher baseline HIV RNA level. Prior clinical AIDS diagnosis was associated with virologic failure for NHBs only, and unstable housing and illicit drug use for NHWs only. Factors associated with adverse events were female sex in all groups and concurrent use of medications for comorbidities in NHB and Hispanic participants only. Conclusions Clinical and socioeconomic factors that are associated with virologic failure and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy vary between and within racial and ethnic groups. Further research may shed light into mechanisms leading to disparities and targeted strategies to eliminate those disparities.

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What Does It Mean To Be Mexican (American)? Exploring Youth Ethnic Identity

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/0011000020985306 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001100002098530

Author(s):

Halleh Hashtpari ◽

Karen W. Tao ◽

Kritzia Merced ◽

Joél Arvizo-Zavala ◽

James Hernández

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

Academic Outcomes ◽

Mexican American ◽

Interview Protocol ◽

Ethnic Pride ◽

Mexican American Youth ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Minimal Research

Children’s racial (e.g., Black, White, Indigenous) and ethnic (e.g., Mexican) identity can influence psychological, social, and academic outcomes. Despite evidence that awareness of racial–ethnic marginalization begins during preadolescence, there is minimal research examining how children talk about identity at this age. The purpose of this study was to examine how preadolescent Mexican American youth conceptualize “who they are.” Specifically, we used the Ethnic-Perspective Taking Ability interview protocol to explore how Mexican American youth, ages 9–11, understand their ethnicity. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: Self as “Other,” Self as Invisible, Self as a Politicized Being, and Self as Community. Participants discussed feeling out of place, often feeling excluded by Whiteness, and needing to code switch. These experiences also were juxtaposed with a sense of ethnic pride and comfort. Implications for practice, advocacy, education, and research are offered.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18062921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 2921

Author(s):

Jay J. Xu ◽

Jarvis T. Chen ◽

Thomas R. Belin ◽

Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽

Marc A. Suchard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

District Of Columbia ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Using Data ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Degree Of Association ◽

Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

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Racial/Ethnic Differences in Alcohol and Drug Misuse Among IPV-Victimized Women: Exploring the Role of Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520943735 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052094373

Author(s):

Nicole H. Weiss ◽

Melissa R. Schick ◽

Ateka A. Contractor ◽

Miranda E. Reyes ◽

Nazaret C. Suazo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Past Research ◽

Drug Misuse ◽

Emotional Dysfunction ◽

Culturally Sensitive Interventions ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Alcohol and drug misuse is prevalent and problematic among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Emotional dysfunction has been identified as a key mechanism in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. However, existing research has not considered the role of race/ethnicity in the relations between emotional dysfunction and alcohol and drug misuse. Furthermore, past research in this area has focused almost exclusively on emotional dysfunction stemming from negative (vs. positive) emotions. The goals of the current study were as follows: (a) to explore whether levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions differ among Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women, and (b) to examine the moderating role of race/ethnicity in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Participants were 197 IPV-victimized women recruited through the criminal justice system ( Mage = 36.14; 51.8% African American, 31.5% White, and 16.8% Latina). Difficulties regulating positive emotions did not differ as a function of race/ethnicity. However, relations among difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse were significant for Latina and White but not African American IPV-victimized women. Moreover, race/ethnicity moderated an association between difficulties regulating positive emotions and drug misuse; this relation was significant and positive for White (compared with African American) IPV-victimized women. While preliminary, these results may inform culturally sensitive interventions for alcohol and drug misuse that are tailored to the unique needs of Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women.

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