Variability among Males in Sexually Selected Attributes

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Archer ◽  
Mani Mehdikhani
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Variance Ratios ◽  
Sexual Strategies Theory ◽  
Meta Analyses

Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described and contrasted with sexual strategies theory, which posits no sex differences in variability. Predictions from the theories were tested through meta-analyses of variance ratios for data sets involving sexually selected characteristics (physical aggression and 5 aspects of mate choice) and 2 unlikely to have resulted from sexual selection (anger and self-esteem). Variation was significantly greater among men than women in 5 of the 6 former data sets and was similar for men and women in the latter 2 data sets, broadly supporting the predictions. A further analysis extends the theory to intellectual abilities.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

Self-Perceived Somatotypes and Clothing-Related Behavior of Older Men and Women

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Chowdhary
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Older Men And Women

507 older men and women (65 yr. or over) participated in an investigation of relationship between clothing-related behavior of older men and women and self-perceived somatorypes. Analysis indicated that body-type was significantly related to significance of apparel, self-esteem, and chronological age. No sex differences were found in perception of body-types. Several implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.

Self-Esteem and Perceived Health of the Family of Origin: Are There Sex Differences?

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-814
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Bonnington
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

This study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and the perceived health of the family of origin and in particular focused on possible differences in correlations for men and women. 70 female and 140 male undergraduates completed the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (Short Form A) and the Family of Origin Scale. While small significant Pearson correlations were found for both men and women, no difference in their magnitude was noted.

Sex Differences in Stalking and Obsessive Relational Intrusion: Two Meta-Analyses

Partner Abuse ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Spitzberg ◽  
William R. Cupach ◽  
Lea D. L. Ciceraro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Women ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Obsessive Relational Intrusion ◽  
Unwanted Pursuit ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Two data sets (21 studies of college students; N = 6,820; 274 studies of stalking, N = 331,121) are meta-analyzed to identify the extent to which (a) stalking is experienced differently by women and men and (b) stalking and unwanted pursuit vary by sample type (clinical/forensic, general population, college). Women are significantly more likely to experience persistent unwanted pursuit, more likely to view such pursuit as threatening, and are two to three times as likely as men to be victims of stalking, but men report longer durations of unwanted pursuit. Most of these gender differences were small in effect size. Stalking labeling and perceived severity of unwanted pursuit and stalking depended in part on the type of sample from which the data were drawn and the locus of perception, whether victim or perpetrator. The type of sample revealed a number of differences, including in the relationship between threats and violence, which caution against generalizing results from one set of studies to another. Implications for progress in stalking theory and research are discussed.

Evolved Sex Differences in the Number of Partners Desired? The Long and the Short of It

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Pedersen ◽  
Lynn Carol Miller ◽  
Anila D. Putcha-Bhagavatula ◽  
Yijing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Men ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sampling Distributions ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
The Ideal

Do men seek more short-term mates than women? Buss and Schmitt (1993) showed a pattern of mean difference in the ideal number of sexual partners men and women desired over various time frames. We replicated these mean sex differences (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Ms = 7.69 and 2.78 for men and women, respectively), but in both data sets the sampling distributions were highly skewed. In Study 1, we found few sex differences in medians across time frames (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Mdn = 1 for both men and women). In Study 2, most college men (98.9%) and women (99.2%) said they wanted to settle down with one mutually exclusive sexual partner at some point in their life, ideally within the next 5 years. Neither medians in number of partners desired overall before settling down (replicating Study 1) nor medians in short-term partners desired before settling down (Mdn = 0) differed significantly by gender. Rather, men and women concurred: Short-term mating is not what humans typically seek.

Relationship of Liking of One's Given Names to Self-Esteem and Social Desirability

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of

59 men and 108 women university students rated their first, middle, and last names on seven-point Likert scales. Also, they responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Analysis indicated significant sex differences only on the self-esteem measure. Both men and women who scored higher in self-esteem liked their first, middle, and last names better. Persons who had stronger preferences for their own first or last names tended to score higher on social desirability.

An Evolutionary Perspective on the Interaction of Age and Sex Differences in Short-Term Sexual Strategies

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Mathes ◽  
Christina A. King ◽  
Jonathan K. Miller ◽  
Ruth M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sexual Strategies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Strategies Theory ◽  
Age And Sex

Buss and Schmitt's sexual strategies theory (1993) suggests that short-term mating represents a larger component of men's than women's mating strategies. Assuming this sex difference there is potential for conflict. Symons argued that, because men are more interested in copulation than women, this gives women greater power in establishing conditions (short- vs long-term) under which copulation takes place. The result is that the conflict in sexual strategies is resolved in favor of women's relatively greater interest in long-term sexual strategies. This research tested the hypothesis that across ages men would decrease in desire to employ short-term mating strategies in favor of long-term mating strategies. Specifically, in Study I, men and women in their teens, twenties, and thirties or older were given a measure of desire for a committed relationship. It was predicted that women, regardless of age, would score high on desire for a committed relationship. In contrast, teenage boys would score low on desire for a committed relationship while men in their thirties or older would score as high as the women. In Study II both sexes in their teens, twenties, and thirties or older were given measures of desire for promiscuous sex. It was predicted that the women, regardless of age, would score low on desire for promiscuous sex. In contrast, teenage boys would score high on desire for promiscuous sex while men in their thirties or older would score as low as the women. Support was found for both predictions.

Measurement of Laboratory Aggression: A New Response-Choice Paradigm

1999 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1229-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Zeichner ◽  
F. Charles Frey ◽  
Dominic J. Parrott ◽  
Matt F. Butryn
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Student Volunteers ◽  
Report Measure

40 undergraduate student volunteers were tested on a new Response-choice Aggression Paradigm. Men and women were provoked in a reaction time competition by receiving electric shocks and were allowed to respond to a confederate with similar shocks or to refrain from any retaliation. Analysis indicated positive association between a self-report measure of physical aggression and laboratory responses on the paradigm, and positive associations among aggression indices of the task. The results confirm earlier findings of sex differences in aggression and offer new measures of aggression “flashpoint” as a step closer to aggressive behavior in naturalistic settings.

Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, and Conservatism

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence N. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Undergraduate Men

The present study evaluated the relationships among self-esteem, locus of control and conservatism for 284 undergraduate men and women. Men showed lower conservatism and partially higher self-esteem than women, but there were no sex differences on locus of control. Also, zero correlations were obtained between conservatism and locus of control as well as between conservatism and self-esteem. Relevance to prior research was discussed.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

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