Evolved Sex Differences in the Number of Partners Desired? The Long and the Short of It

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Pedersen ◽  
Lynn Carol Miller ◽  
Anila D. Putcha-Bhagavatula ◽  
Yijing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Men ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sampling Distributions ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
The Ideal

Do men seek more short-term mates than women? Buss and Schmitt (1993) showed a pattern of mean difference in the ideal number of sexual partners men and women desired over various time frames. We replicated these mean sex differences (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Ms = 7.69 and 2.78 for men and women, respectively), but in both data sets the sampling distributions were highly skewed. In Study 1, we found few sex differences in medians across time frames (e.g., ideal number over the next 30 years: Mdn = 1 for both men and women). In Study 2, most college men (98.9%) and women (99.2%) said they wanted to settle down with one mutually exclusive sexual partner at some point in their life, ideally within the next 5 years. Neither medians in number of partners desired overall before settling down (replicating Study 1) nor medians in short-term partners desired before settling down (Mdn = 0) differed significantly by gender. Rather, men and women concurred: Short-term mating is not what humans typically seek.

Assessment of Motives and Orientations

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Youniss ◽  
Maurice Lorr ◽  
Edward C. Stefic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Women ◽  
College Men ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Study aims to test for the hypothesized dimensional structure of a revision and extension of the Orientation and Motivation Inventory (OMI) and to check for sex differences. The 12-scale inventory was administered to 307 high school and college men, and to 184 college women. The intercorrelations among the half scale scores for the men and for the women were separately factor analyzed and rotated. For men, 10 of the factors, and for women, 11 of the factors hypothesized were confirmed. Five second-order dimensions were identified in both men and women. The scores were next applied in discriminant function analyses to differentiate male and female subjects allocated to one of Holland's six personality types. The results provide some support for the validity of the motivational scales.

scholarly journals Alteration of Blinking and Sex Differences During Physical Exercise Affect Tear Osmolarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151
Author(s):  
Adam Wylęgała ◽  
Bogumiła Sędziak-Marcinek ◽  
Jan Pilch ◽  
Edward Wylęgała
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Physical exertion leads to the rise in tear osmolarity. However, previous studies have been conducted mostly on males and did not consider sex differences and the possible alteration in blinking during physical exercise. Sixteen women and 18 men aged 25.09 ± 1.70 were divided into equal groups with eyes open and shut. Participants performed 8-min medium-intensity exercise and 5-min intense exercise on a cycloergometer. Tear osmolarity (in mOsm/L) was evaluated before ( T0), after medium-intensity (T1) and intense exercise (T2). The blinking rate was assessed in a group with eyes open. Tear brake up time was measured in T0 and T1. With tear osmolarity measuring 305.72 ± 1.22 and 313.56 ± 1.90 for men and women, respectively, we observed significant differences in T1. In T2, tear osmolarity in men was 303.3 ± 1.28 vs. 310.87 ± 1.36 in women. The blinking rate decreased from 14.24 ± 2.54/min in T0 to 9.41 ± 2.83/min in T1. There was a statistically significant change in tear osmolarity in both groups, that is, in the group with eyes shut from 300.53 ± 1.37 in T0 to 308.06 ± 1.55 in T1 to 304.88 ± 1.54 in T2. In the group with eyes open, tear osmolarity increased from 300.29 ± 1.37 in T0 to 310.76 ± 1.55 in T1 and then dropped to 308.88 ± 1.54 in T2. Tear brake up time measured in T0 was 14.7 ± 1.43 vs. 13.53 ±1.48 in the open eyes condition. Due to physical exercise, short-term changes in tear osmolarity are partially caused by altered blinking. Sex differences in tear osmolarity in response to exertion may confirm the relationship between total body water and tear osmolarity.

scholarly journals Effects of Age, Sex, Disease, and Exercise Training on Lip Muscle Strength

Cosmetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vickie Wong ◽  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Robert W. Spitz ◽  
Zachary W. Bell ◽  
Yujiro Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Directional Change

Lip muscle strength has been shown to influence daily functional activities such as facial expression, speech production, and eating. In this review, recent literature regarding lip strength and exercise training responses are summarized, highlighting the influence of sex, age, and disease (e.g., stroke). A search using five electronic databases was conducted. Twelve studies were identified from the search, which included five studies using healthy adults and seven studies using patients with diseases or chronic ailments. Regardless of the population, lip strength training multiple times a day for a relatively short term (<24 weeks) has resulted in improvements of lip muscle strength. This change in lip strength has been observed in both young and old participants. Although changes in strength have been observed in both men and women, we are unaware of any studies that have tested whether there are sex differences in this response. The same directional change can be expected for patients with stroke and patients with lip incompetence, but the magnitude of the training effect seems to be higher in healthy people.

Ethnicity and Sex Differences in the Concept of the Ideal College Teacher

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ethnic Background ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Caucasian American ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
College Teacher ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
Teacher Responses ◽  
The Ideal

Study examined the influence of ethnic background and sex classification on students' ratings of the “ideal” college teacher. Responses of 1186 Japanese-American and 594 Caucasian-American men and women on 28 characteristics of teachers were compared. Findings were interpreted in light of Vinacke's competitive game strategies and Kitano's traditional Japanese values.

scholarly journals The Dreams of College Men and Women in 1950 and 1980: A Comparison of Dream Contents and Sex Differences

SLEEP ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin S. Hall ◽  
G. William Domhoff ◽  
Kenneth A. Blick ◽  
Kathryn E. Weesner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Men ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Motivation for Viewing Sexually Arousing Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Kobayashi ◽  
Koyo Nakamura ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Opposite Sex

AbstractSexual motivation strongly influences mate choice and dating behavior and can be triggered by merely viewing sexually arousing visual images, such as erotic pictures and movies. Previous studies suggested that men, more than women, tend to search for sexual cues that signal promiscuity in short-term mates. However, it remains to be tested whether sex differences in the motivation to view sexual cues can be observed by using robust and well-controlled behavioral measures. To this end, we employed a pay-per-view key-pressing task. Japanese self-identified heterosexual male and female participants viewed images of men, women, or couples with two levels of sexual arousal (sexual vs. less sexual). Participants could alter the viewing time of a presented image according to their willingness to keep viewing it. Male participants were the most eager to view sexually arousing images of the opposite sex, whereas female participants were more strongly motivated to view less sexual images of couples. Such sex differences may reflect differentiated reproductive strategies between men and women in terms of men’s motivation toward promiscuity and women’s motivation toward long-term relationships.

An Evolutionary Perspective on the Interaction of Age and Sex Differences in Short-Term Sexual Strategies

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Mathes ◽  
Christina A. King ◽  
Jonathan K. Miller ◽  
Ruth M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sexual Strategies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Strategies Theory ◽  
Age And Sex

Buss and Schmitt's sexual strategies theory (1993) suggests that short-term mating represents a larger component of men's than women's mating strategies. Assuming this sex difference there is potential for conflict. Symons argued that, because men are more interested in copulation than women, this gives women greater power in establishing conditions (short- vs long-term) under which copulation takes place. The result is that the conflict in sexual strategies is resolved in favor of women's relatively greater interest in long-term sexual strategies. This research tested the hypothesis that across ages men would decrease in desire to employ short-term mating strategies in favor of long-term mating strategies. Specifically, in Study I, men and women in their teens, twenties, and thirties or older were given a measure of desire for a committed relationship. It was predicted that women, regardless of age, would score high on desire for a committed relationship. In contrast, teenage boys would score low on desire for a committed relationship while men in their thirties or older would score as high as the women. In Study II both sexes in their teens, twenties, and thirties or older were given measures of desire for promiscuous sex. It was predicted that the women, regardless of age, would score low on desire for promiscuous sex. In contrast, teenage boys would score high on desire for promiscuous sex while men in their thirties or older would score as low as the women. Support was found for both predictions.

scholarly journals In search of traceability: two decades of calibrated Brewer UV measurements in Sodankylä and Jokioinen

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Heikkilä ◽  
Jakke Sakari Mäkelä ◽  
Kaisa Lakkala ◽  
Outi Meinander ◽  
Jussi Kaurola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Working Standard ◽  
Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Time Frames

Abstract. The two Brewer spectrophotometers of the Finnish Meteorological Institute at Jokioinen and Sodankylä have been operated according to the highest levels of the WMO∕GAW (World Meteorological Organization∕Global Atmosphere Watch) recommendations with rigorous quality control and quality assurance. The calibration of the instruments is based on annual recalibrations of primary standard lamps in the VTT MIKES Metrology National Standards Laboratory in Finland and an exhaustive measurement program with measurements of standard and working lamps in the on-site optical laboratories. Over the years, the maintenance of the calibration has produced data sets of approximately 2000 lamp scans for both instruments. An extensive re-examination of the lamp measurements and the response of the spectrophotometers was carried out. The primary standard lamps were found to age on an average rate of 0.3 % per burn. The responsivity at wavelength 311 nm was found to exhibit both long-term and short-term changes. The overall long-term change was declining. In addition, abrupt changes of as large as 25 % were detected. The short-term changes were found to fluctuate on time frames shorter than the interval between the measurements of the primary standard lamps. This underlines the importance of the use of more frequently measured working standard lamps.

Variability among Males in Sexually Selected Attributes

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Archer ◽  
Mani Mehdikhani
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Variance Ratios ◽  
Sexual Strategies Theory ◽  
Meta Analyses

Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described and contrasted with sexual strategies theory, which posits no sex differences in variability. Predictions from the theories were tested through meta-analyses of variance ratios for data sets involving sexually selected characteristics (physical aggression and 5 aspects of mate choice) and 2 unlikely to have resulted from sexual selection (anger and self-esteem). Variation was significantly greater among men than women in 5 of the 6 former data sets and was similar for men and women in the latter 2 data sets, broadly supporting the predictions. A further analysis extends the theory to intellectual abilities.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Motivation for Viewing Sexually Arousing Images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Kobayashi ◽  
Koyo Nakamura ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dating Behaviors

Sexual motivation strongly influences our mate choices and dating behaviors and can be triggered by merely viewing sexually arousing visual images, such as erotic pictures and movies. Previous studies suggested that men, more than women, tend to search for sexual cues that signal promiscuity in short-term mates. However, it remains to be tested whether the sex differences in the motivation to view sexual cues can be observed by using robust and well-controlled behavioral measures. To this end, we employed a pay-per-view key-pressing task. Japanese self-identified heterosexual male and female participants viewed images of men, women, or couples with two levels of sexual arousal (sexual vs. less sexual). Participants could alter the viewing time of a presented image according to their willingness to keep viewing it. The male participants were eager to view the sexual female images the most, whereas the female participants were more strongly motivated to view the less sexual images of couples. Such sex differences may reflect differentiated reproductive strategies between men and women; men’s motivation toward promiscuity and women’s motivation toward long-term relationships.

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